APA Citation Examples Based on APA Publication Manual, 6th Edition (2009) and Style Guide to Electronic References (2012) Some General Rules • • • • • • • Reference List Examples • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Need More Help? The is the APA's official citation guide and provides a more detailed explanation of how to use APA style. The manual is unfortunately not available online, but reference copies are available in all 16. The focuses solely on the citing of electronic resources and includes a wide variety of citation examples. You can also for help with a citation-related question. Some General Rules In-Text Citations (Publication Manual, pp.

The 'Publication Manual' is the style manual. American Psychological Association (APA); 6th. Do not buy the first printing of the APA manual, 6th edition under. Apa Style Manual 6th Edition Revised Version. A process view on implementing an antibullying curriculum: How teachers differ and what explains the variation.

174-179) What You Are Citing In-Text Citation The entire work (Smith, 2004) A specific page (Smith, 2004, p. 39) If the author's name is included in the text of the sentence where the citation takes place Smith (2004, p.

39) claims that. Use only the date or date and page number. An online article with no page numbers. (Myers, 2000, para.

5) (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1) Use abbreviation 'para.' Followed by the paragraph number you are citing. When possible, specify a section of the article. Citing multiple authors See, below.

Authors (Publication Manual, pp. 181-183) One author Example: Reference List Citation Example: In-Text Citation Courtois, C.

(Courtois, 2004) Two authors Example: Reference List Citation Example: In-Text Citation Kelley, P. C., & Chang, P. (Kelley & Chang, 2007) Three to five authors Example: Reference List Citation Example: In-Text Citation Hughes, J. C., Brestan, E. V., & Valle, L.

First citation: (Hughes, Brestan, & Valle, 2004) Subsequent citations: (Hughes et al., 2004) When a work has more than 2 authors, subsequent in-text citations consist of the first author's name followed by 'et al.' (Latin for 'and others') and the date. Six or seven authors Example: Reference List Citation Example: In-Text Citation Phelps, B.

R., Lima, M., Gomez, J., MacArthur, R. T., Gansu, L., & Nehru, M.

First citation: (Phelps et al., 2004) Subsequent citations: (Phelps et al., 2004) When a work has 6-7 authors, in-text citations consist of the first author's name followed by 'et al.' (Latin for 'and others') and the date. Eight or more authors Example: Reference List Citation Example: In-Text Citation Carter, A., Dougherty, S., Addington, M., Stanley, R., Stanley, C., Schuffler, G.,... When there are eight or more authors, include the first 6 authors' names followed by an ellipsis (...) and the final author's name. First citation: (Carter et al., 2004) Subsequent citations: (Carter et al., 2004) When a work has 8 or more authors, in-text citations consist of the first author's name followed by 'et al.' (Latin for 'and others') and the date. Group author Example: Reference List Citation Example: In-Text Citation American Dietetic Association.

First citation: (American Dietetic Association [ADA], 1999) Subsequent citations: (ADA, 1999) No authors listed Example: Reference List Citation Example: In-Text Citation None to claim their bones: Relics of an old Brooklyn graveyard. (1888, April 12). New York Times, pp.

Retrieved from List the source by title in your reference list. Alphabetize reference list entries beginning with a title using the primary word of the title (excluding a, an, and the). ('None to Claim Their Bones,' 1888) In cases where the title contains a colon, use only the text before the colon in your in-text citation. Titles (Publication Manual, pp. 185-187) Capitalization: For all sources other than periodicals (that is, newspapers, magazines, and scholarly journals), capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns only. Do not capitalize the rest (see example below).

All major words in periodical titles should be capitalized (for example, Psychology Today, Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved.) Italics: Titles are italicized for the following items: • Books • E-Books • Periodicals • Dissertations/theses • Reports/technical papers • Works of art Source Example Journal article title Freud's Vienna revisited. Book title Student cheating and plagiarism in the Internet era: A wake-up call. Volume & Issue Numbers (Publication Manual, p. 186) APA does not use 'Volume', 'Vol.' , 'Issue' or related terms. Use italics for the volume number. Source Example Magazine and journal volume and issue number formatting 12(4) 12 is the volume number (in italics) and 4 is the issue number.

If each issue of a journal begins on page 1, give the issue number in parentheses immediately after the volume number, as above. Page Numbers (Publication Manual, pp.

178, 200) Issue What To Do When to use 'p.' To indicate page numbers when citing newspaper articles and book chapters. Omit them when citing journal and magazine articles. Follow the examples in this guide. Online periodical where page numbers are not given National Geographic, 300(2).

300 is the volume number. Follow the issue number of the magazine or journal with a period. Undated Sources (Publication Manual, p.

185) Use '(n.d.)' (for 'no date') in your citation. Reference List Citation In-Text Citation Knowles, A. House of dust [Collage]. Retrieved from Oxford Art Online database.

(Knowles, n.d.) Citing a Source within a Source (Publication Manual, p. 178) Scenario: You read a 2007 article by Linhares and Brum that cites an earlier article, by Frederick. You want to cite Frederick's article, but you have not read Frederick's article itself.

Reference List Citation In-Text Citation Linhares, A., & Brum, P. Understanding our understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks play? Cognitive Science, 31(6), 989-1007.

Your Reference list will contain the article you read, by Linhares and Brum. Your Reference list will NOT contain a citation for Frederick's article. Frederick's study (as cited in Linhares & Brum, 2007) found that. Your in-text citation gives credit to Frederick and shows the source in which you found Frederick's ideas. Articles Academic Journals (Publication Manual, pp. 198-199; Style Guide, p. 12) Source Reference List Citation Library database with DOI Sagarin, B.

J., & Lawler-Sagarin, K. Critically evaluating competing theories: An exercise based on the Kitty Genovese murder. Teaching of Psychology, 32(3), 167–169. What is a DOI? Some library databases, such as PsycARTICLES and PsycINFO, list a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for individual articles.

A DOI is a unique identifying number for an article. In the database record for an article, you will see an element that looks like this, which you should include at the end of your APA reference, preceded by 'This link will allow a reader to link to for more information about the article. However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012, p. 5) notes that it is still acceptable to use the older style of DOI format in a citation, for example: Amidzic, O., Riehle, H. J., & Elbert, T.

Toward a psychophysiology of expertise: Focal magnetic gamma bursts as a signature of memory chunks and the aptitude of chess players. Journal of Psychophysiology, 20(4), 253-258.

Doi:10.1027/0269-8803.20.4.253 Library database without DOI Reitzes, D. C., & Mutran, E. The transition to retirement: Stages and factors that influence retirement adjustment. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 59(1), 63-84. Retrieved from No DOI?

Find the journal's homepage. Do a Web search to find the address of the homepage of the journal that published the article and include it in your citation. Please be aware, however, that the full text of articles may not actually be available at the journal homepage.

Cannot find the journal's homepage? In this case, do a Web search for the name of the database you are using (for example, 'JSTOR' or 'Business Source Complete') and use the address of its homepage. Free Web Giancola, P.

Executive functioning and alcohol-related aggression. American Psychologist, 59(2), 5-7. Retrieved from In print Hughes, J.

C., Brestan, E. V., & Valle, L. Problem-solving interactions between mothers and children.

Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 26(1), 1-16. Manual Handling Risk Assessment Form Hse. More info • • has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc.

Magazines: -Daily or Weekly Magazines (Publication Manual, p. 200; Style Guide, pp. 13-14) Source Reference List Citation Library database with DOI Jackson, P. (2011, March 1). Navy Yard Hill and the founding of Washington City. Capitol Hill Historian, 2, 5-9.

What is a DOI? Some library databases, such as Academic Search Complete and PsycINFO, list a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for individual articles. A DOI is a unique identifying number for an article. In the database record for an article, you will see an element that looks like this, which you should include at the end of your APA reference, preceded by 'This link will allow a reader to link to for more information about the article.

However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012, p. 5) notes that it is still acceptable to use the older style of DOI format in a citation, for example: Janney, K. Crow rookeries and urban toponyms in the United States. Corvid, 10(1), 2-6. Doi:11.1111/0224-8900.21.4.260 Library database without DOI Borowitz, A.

(2004, November 15). Pavlov's brother. New Yorker, 80(35), 63-66. Retrieved from No DOI? Find the magazine's homepage. Do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo!) to find the address of the homepage of the journal that published the article and include it in your citation ().

Please be aware, however, that the full text of articles may not actually be available at the journal homepage. Cannot find the magazine's homepage? In this case, do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo!) for the name of the database you are using (for example, 'JSTOR' or 'Business Source Complete') and use the address of its homepage.

Free Web Springen, K. (2005, January 17). Artful aging.

Newsweek, 145(3), 25-27. Retrieved from In print Borowitz, A. (2004, November 15). Pavlov's brother. New Yorker, 80(35), 63-66.

More info • • has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc. -Monthly Magazines (Publication Manual, p. 200; Style Guide, pp. 13-14) Source Reference List Citation Library database with DOI Niu, J.

(2012, March-April). An overview of web archiving.

D-Lib, 18(3-4). What is a DOI? Some library databases, such as Academic Search Complete and PsycINFO, list a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for individual articles. A DOI is a unique identifying number for an article. In the database record for an article, you will see an element that looks like this, which you should include at the end of your APA reference, preceded by 'This link will allow a reader to link to for more information about the article.

However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012, p. 5) notes that it is still acceptable to use the older style of DOI format in a citation, for example: Rostok, M.

(2011, August 1). Android malware on the rise. EWeek, 2(6), 11. Doi:11.3267/2553/8911.324.260 Library database without DOI Norman, A.

(1988, March). Infuriating by design. Psychology Today, 22(3), 52-56. Retrieved from No DOI? Find the magazine's homepage. Do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo!) to find the address of the homepage of the journal that published the article and include it in your citation ().

Please be aware, however, that the full text of articles may not actually be available at the journal homepage. Cannot find the magazine's homepage?

In this case, do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo!) for the name of the database you are using (for example, 'JSTOR' or 'Business Source Complete') and use the address of its homepage. Free Web Gelb, N. Winter of discontent. Smithsonian, 34(2), 50-55. Retrieved from In print Ives, F., & Lydon, J.

(2005, January). Freud's Vienna revisited.

Discover, 26(2), 16-17. More info • • has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc. Tip: • When an issue of a magazine covers several months, the name of the first and last month in the range should be given in the citation, separated by a dash, for example: ' (1993, June-July)'. Newspapers (Publication Manual, pp. 200-201; Style Guide, p. 14) Source Reference List Citation Library database Brown, P. (1999, September 5).

Tiffany glass and other tales from the crypt. The New York Times, pp. Retrieved from Do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo!) for the newspaper homepage and use the homepage URL after the words 'Retrieved from'. Free Web Foreman, J.

(2003, August 12). Allston gothic. The Boston Globe. Retrieved from In print Brown, P. (1999, September 5). Tiffany glass and other tales from the crypt. The New York Times, pp.

The page number of a newspaper article is preceded by 'p.' In a reference list citation. When an article appears on multiple pages, the page range is preceded by 'pp.' (for example, ' pp. When an article appears on discontinuous pages, separate the page numbers with a comma (ex. When a newspaper uses section letters in its page numbers, these should be included in your citation (ex. More info • • has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc.

Encyclopedia Articles (Publication Manual, p. 205; Style Guide, p.

18) Source Reference List Citation Library database with DOI Miura, A. Human behavior with blogs.

In Y Zheng (Ed.), Encyclopedia of cyber behavior. What is a DOI? Some library databases, such as Academic Search Complete and PsycINFO, list a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for individual e-books. A DOI is a unique identifying number for an e-book. In the database record for an e-book, you will see an element that looks like this, which you should include at the end of your APA reference, preceded by 'This link will allow a reader to link to for more information about the e-book.

However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012, p. 5) notes that it is still acceptable to use the older style of DOI format in a citation, for example: Rostok, M. Android malware. Frank (Ed.), Encyclopedia of mobile security. Doi:10.3218/7853/8922.666.261 Library database without DOI Smith, A.

Child development. Strickland (Ed.), The Gale encyclopedia of psychology. Retrieved from No DOI? Find the publisher's homepage. Do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo!) to find the address of the homepage of the journal that published the article and include it in your citation. Please be aware, however, that the full text of encyclopedia may not actually be available at the publisher's homepage. Cannot find the publisher's homepage?

In this case, do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo!) for the name of the database you are using (for example, 'JSTOR' or 'Business Source Complete') and use the address of its homepage. More info • • has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc. Book, Film and Product Reviews (Publication Manual, pp. 208-209) Source Reference List Citation Library database Grimes, W.

(2006, December 13). Beyond Mandalay, the road to isolation and xenophobia [Review of the book The river of lost footsteps: Histories of Burma, by T. New York Times, pp. Retrieved from An untitled book, film, or product review (for example, a review covering multiple works): Guha, M. [Review of the books Fleeting pleasures: A history of intoxicants, by M.

London and Dirty: A search for answers inside America's teenage drug epidemic, by M. Journal of Mental Health, 15, 713-716. Retrieved from Follow the correct formatting for the type of publication (e.g. A newspaper, a scholarly journal) the review is taken from, including the DOI if one is available. Free Web Cohen, P.

(2007, May 9). Love, honor, cherish, and buy [Review of the book One perfect day: The selling of the American wedding, by R. New York Times. Retrieved from More info • • has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc.

Books (Publication Manual, pp. 202-204) Source Reference List Citation Basic book Jans, N.

The last light breaking: Life among Alaska's Inupiat Eskimos. Anchorage, AK: Alaska Northwest Books. Edited book Miller, J., & Smith, T.

Cape Cod stories: Tales from Cape Cod, Nantucket, and Martha's Vineyard. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. For a single editor, use '(Ed.)'. Books where the author and publisher are the same American Psychological Association. Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Numbered edition other than the first Arking, R. The biology of aging: Observations and principles (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Revised edition Culliney, J. Islands in a far sea: The fate of nature in Hawai'i (Rev.

Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press. Multi-volume set Green, C. Washington (Vols.

Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. If volumes in a work or set are published in different years, give the range of years separated by a dash as above. Chapter or article in an anthology Eliot, T. Tradition and the individual talent. Leitch (Ed.), The Norton anthology of theory and criticism (pp.

New York, NY: W. (Original work published 1920) Note that the page numbers of an article or chapter are preceded by 'pp.' When citing it (for example, ' pp. In cases where an article/chapter occupies a single page, the page is preceded by 'p.' If an article has been reprinted from a source published earlier, give the original date of publication in the 'original work' element of the citation as shown above (when using this element, the final period in a citation is omitted). More info • • has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc.

Tips: • Cities, States and Countries: For U.S. Cities, add the standard postal abbreviations for state (for example, ' Chatham, MA').

Foreign cities should be followed by the name of their country (ex. ' Brisbane, Australia'). • Place of publication: Separate place of publication from publisher with a colon (for example ' New York, NY: Zone Books'). If more than one city is given, list only the first. • Publisher names: 'Co.'

And related abbreviations should not be included in citations (for example, 'Ivan R. Should be given as ' Ivan R. Dee'.) E-Books (Style Guide, pp. 15-18) Source Reference List Citation Library database with DOI Chaffe-Stengel, P., & Stengel, D. Working with sample data: Exploration and inference. What is a DOI?

Some library databases, such as Academic Search Complete and PsycINFO, list a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for individual e-books. A DOI is a unique identifying number for an e-book.

In the database record for an e-book, you will see an element that looks like this, which you should include at the end of your APA reference, preceded by 'This link will allow a reader to link to for more information about the e-book. However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References notes that it is still acceptable to use the older style of DOI format in a citation (see page 5), for example: Conoloff, A. Salvaging the suburbs. Doi:11.8870/6001/2122.442.261 Library e-book database without DOI Miller, L. Careers for nature lovers & other outdoor types. Retrieved from No DOI? Use the URL for the database.

When a book has no DOI, write “Retrieved from” followed by the URL of the database. Use these URLs for library e-book databases: • EBSCO eBooks Collection: Retrieved from • Safari Books Online: Retrieved from • Books 24x7: Retrieved from Book read on an e-book reader Gladwell, M. Outliers: The story of success [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from After the book title, put in brackets the name of the e-book reader, with the word “version.” Follow that with the DOI.

If the book has no DOI, write “Retrieved from” followed by the URL of the site from which you downloaded the e-book. Free Web Seton, E. The Arctic prairies: A canoe-journey of 2,000 miles in search of the caribou. Retrieved from Book chapter from a library database (suggested format) Quina, K., & Kanarian, M. Continuing education.

Bronstein & K. Quina (Eds.), Teaching a psychology of people: Resources for gender and sociocultural awareness (pp.

Retrieved from When using just a chapter from a book the same rules apply regarding DOI or no DOI as listed above, depending on where the book was retrieved. More info • • has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc. Web Sites (Style Guide, pp. 31-34) Source Reference List Citation A specific page within a Web site Single author: Freitas, N.

(2015, January 6). People around the world are voluntarily submitting to China’s Great Firewall. Retrieved from tencent_s_wechat_worldwide_internet_users_ are_voluntarily_submitting_to.html Multiple authors: Nafees, Q., Yilong, Y., Andras, N., Zhiming, L., & Janos, S. (2014, November 19). Anonymously analyzing clinical data sets. Retrieved from Corporate author: Sea Turtle Restoration Project.

Threats to sea turtles. Retrieved from In-text citations: (Freitas, 2015) (Nafees, Yilong, Andras, Zhiming, & Janos, 2014) (Sea Turtle Restoration Project, 2006) Entire Web site If you refer to an entire Web site, you do not need to include an entry for it in your reference list, but must identify the source clearly in the text of your paper. For example: The Sea Turtle Restoration Project homepage presents a wealth of compelling, well-researched information on the struggle to save the world's sea turtles from extinction (More info • If you think that the content of a Web site will change over time, you can include the date that you viewed the cited information in your 'retrieved from' line. • has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc.

Online Classroom Materials Source Reference List Citation A document in a UMUC online classroom Whitford, D. Cross-curricular initiatives in NSCI170. Document posted in University of Maryland University College NSCI 170 6981 online classroom, archived at: No official APA format for citing online classroom materials exists - this is merely a recommended format to use in citing such documents. More info • • has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc.

Technical and Research Reports (Publication Manual, pp. 205-206; Style Guide, pp. 19-21) Source Reference List Citation Free Web U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2010, March).

Information security: Concerted effort needed to consolidate and secure Internet connections at federal agencies (Publication No. Retrieved from In print U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2010, March).

Information security: Concerted effort needed to consolidate and secure Internet connections at federal agencies (Publication No. Washington, DC: Author. When the author is also the publisher, the publisher's name should be listed as Author. More info • • has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc. Tip: • The element of the citation giving the publication or report number can be omitted if this information is not available for the source you're citing. Dissertations and Theses (Publication Manual, pp.

207-208; Style Guide, pp. 22-23) Dissertations Source Reference List Citation Dissertations and Theses database Pecore, J. Sounding the spirit of Cambodia: The living tradition of Khmer music and dance-drama in a Washington, DC community (Doctoral dissertation).

Retrieved from Dissertations and Theses database. 3114720) Note that a “Retrieved from” statement is used, giving the database name followed by the word “database.” Also, APA calls for the citation to end with a unique identifying number for the dissertation, labeling it “UMI No.” That number can be found in Dissertations and Theses database, listed in the item record as “Publication Number.” Free Web Caprette, C. Conquering the cold shudder: The origin and evolution of snake eyes (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from In print Caprette, C.

Conquering the cold shudder: The origin and evolution of snake eyes (Doctoral dissertation). Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. More info • • has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc. Master's Theses Source Reference List Citation Dissertations and Theses database Harzbecker, J. Life and death in Washington DC: An analysis of the Mortality Census data of 1850 (Master's thesis). Retrieved from Dissertations and Theses database. 1395513) Note that a “Retrieved from” statement is used, giving the database name followed by the word “database.” Also, APA calls for the citation to end with a unique identifying number for the dissertation, labeling it “UMI No.” That number can be found in Dissertations and Theses database, listed in the item record as “Publication Number.” Free Web Angelova, A.

Data pruning (Master's thesis). Retrieved from In print Angelova, A. Data pruning (Master's thesis). California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA. More info • • has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc. Images (Style Guide, p.

27) Titled Image Source Reference List Citation Library database Rousseau, H. The ship in the storm [Painting]. Retrieved from Oxford Art Online database. Free Web Rousseau, H. The ship in the storm [Painting]. Retrieved from Image reproduced in a printed source Rousseau, H.

The ship in the storm [Painting]. Henri Rousseau: Jungles in Paris.

By Claire Fresches et al. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art. The plate/image number (or, if this number is not available, the page number on which the image is printed) should follow the name of the publisher as shown. More info • • has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc. Untitled Image Create a brief title for it and place it in brackets, unitalicized. Source Reference List Citation Library database Muybridge, E. [Photograph of a horse running].

Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. Image reproduced in a printed source Muybridge, E. [Photograph of a horse running]. River of shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the technological wild West. By Rebecca Solnit. New York, NY: Viking. The plate/image number (or, if this number is not available, the page number on which the image is printed) should follow the name of the publisher as shown.

More info • • has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc. Tips: • Medium: If known, the medium of the image should be placed in brackets as shown above, and the collection which owns the image included in your citation along with its location. • Institution locations: For U.S. Cities, add the standard postal abbreviations for state (for example, ' Chatham, MA'). Foreign cities should be followed by the name of their country (ex. ' Brisbane, Australia').

Streaming Videos (Style Guide, p. 26) Source Example Free Web Heffernan, M. Margaret Heffernan: Why it's time to forget the pecking order at work [video file]. Retrieved from why_it_s_time_to_forget_the_pecking_order_at_work More info • • has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc. Interviews, E-mail Messages, and Other Personal Communications (Publication Manual, p. 179) Source Example Personal communication APA does not require that you cite personal communications (interviews you've conducted, e-mail messages, etc.) in your reference list. Instead, give an in-text citation only using the following model: Joe Smith (personal communication, November 18, 2006) informed me that the server had crashed several hours ago.

More info • • has more information about citing multiple authors, undated sources, etc.

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the style manual of choice for writers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioral sciences. It provides invaluable guidance on all aspects of the writing process, from the ethics of authorship to the word choice that best reduces bias in language. Well-known for its authoritative and easy-to-use reference and citation system, the Publication Manual also offers guidance on choosing the headings, tables, figures, and tone that will result in strong, simple, and elegant scientific communication. Preview the complete Table of Contents in the Sixth Edition Includes some history of the manual, an overview of revisions for the sixth edition, and details how to use the manual.

Chapter 1: Writing for the Behavioral and Social Sciences Chapter 1 describes the role of ethics in publishing and offers guidance in following best practices for compliance. Chapter 2: Manuscript Structure and Content Chapter 2 defines all parts of a scholarly manuscript, from title to appendix, emphasizing both function and form. It ends with sample papers for users to model. Chapter 3: Writing Clearly and Concisely Chapter 3 offers basic guidance on planning and writing the article.

It advises readers on how to organize their thoughts, choose effective words, and describe individuals with accuracy and sensitivity. Chapter 4: The Mechanics of Style Chapter 4 instructs readers on the nuts and bolts of style: punctuation, spelling, capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, and statistics in text.

It demonstrates that consistency in their use is key to clear scientific communication. Chapter 5: Displaying Results Chapter 5 describes the effective use of graphic elements in text. It provides readers with guidance on which graphic element is best suited to the data being delivered as well as detailed instruction on table and figure preparation. Chapter 6: Crediting Sources Chapter 6 provides guidance on reference citation. It instructs readers on when and how to cite references in text and on how to construct a reference list that contains everything readers need to locate each source.

Chapter 7: Reference Examples Chapter 7 offers a comprehensive set of reference examples for readers to model. It demonstrates the reference components that readers need to locate the work, with an emphasis on electronic sources. Chapter 8: The Publication Process Chapter 8 provides an overview of the journal publishing process. It delineates author and publisher responsibilities in manuscript review, selection, and preparation. Share this page: • • • • •.