The dune buggy (or off-road buggy) originated as a custom built off-road machine based on the Volkswagen Beetle ('Bug') and engine. The high reliability and simplicity of the air-cooled motor lent itself well to use in desert areas of the US Southwest and Mexico, and hence the term 'Dune Buggy' was coined. Since that time, the dune buggy design has evolved to cover a wide variety of off-road terrains and purposes, including racing.

Dune/Off-road buggies are characterized today by a tube frame, rear or mid-engine and rear or four wheel drive. They utilize treaded, knobby or sand paddle type tires mounted to a large travel suspension front and rear that enables the vehicle to travel over very rough terrain and jumps. Racing events are held on dirt roads and on desert, wooded, and other natural terrain. Racing is held in many parts of the world, with the most well known races happening in the Mexico (Baja) and Africa (i.e. The Paris-Dakar). Race Car Models of This Type Superbuggy, Buggy1600, JuniorBuggy (European Autocross), SCORE classes Build Your Own Dune Buggy Knowledge Level Due to the nature of off-road buggies, you should be knowledgeable in handling,, suspension, powertrain, aerodynamic and safety design. These six major areas of the car design work as an integrated unit and the designer must have an understanding of how changes to one area affect the others.

Much of the design work is iterative, meaning re-designing areas based on new changes to another area. After the iterations are completed, the design will be complete and optimized. Because of the varied environments where off-road buggies can operate, knowledge of the terrain is important to ensure the vehicle will handle the demands of the surface and speed.

Design Challenges Weight Distribution: Typically the front will be lighter in front/rear weight distribution due to the rear/mid-engine configuration. Left/right weight distribution will usually be 50/50.

Suspension: Maximizing the contact patch of the tires with good suspension geometry is of key importance. Because of the long suspension travel there can be significant camber change. Some camber may be of benefit in cornering, but excessive camber will likely mean less traction. Body roll may also be an issue if not properly controlled. Suspension, wheel and tire weights () affect the of the suspension, which in turn affects handling, so keeping all these components as light as possible is an advantage. Springs and dampers (shock absorber) must be matched to the calculated forces. The suspension pickup point locations impact the design.: Providing openings to make internal components accessible for maintenance is important.

Jul 10, 2008 I need plans to build my buggy. Need mini buggy build plans.Pleaze help me! Or mini sand rail. Free Download Ebook PDF THE DUNE BUGGY FILE with premium access. DUNE BUGGY - WIKIPEDIA. Sun, 17 Dec 2017 01:18:00 GMT. Dune buggy plans. Get a buggy plans download and it's totally cool! No need to spend big bucks on it! Search every buggy needs online! Get the perfect off road.

Powertrain: Weight distribution is heavily impacted by engine position. Intake, Cooling and exhaust need to be considered in relation to design, and aerodynamics. Aerodynamic: Minimizing the drag created by the frontal area is important to maximize speed on long high speed runs. Wings and other aero devices may be of significant help if the racing takes place on a circuit with high speed corners. Safety: Providing a substantial crash/rollover safety cell for the driver is vital.

A racing seat and harness are also mandatory. Protection for fuel storage, fire protection, and bumpers are recommended if not mandatory in racing. If you intend to race under a sanctioning body, always read and understand the regulations of your chosen racing class before designing or building any race vehicle.

Design Resources from our free online knowledge series to assist you designing your race vehicle.. Our Construction Challenges Ensuring the is dimensionally accurate and straight is important as flaws in the structure will create handling issues via misaligned suspension. The use of a solid, flat and level build space is important. Jigs are often used in this case to ensure that structural tubing stays in alignment during welding/brazing. The builder should have solid joining and metal working knowledge and skills when fabricating the /rollcage/suspension.

While mild steel (1018/1020) is very forgiving, some metals are best welded using a specific method (mig/tig) and some require heat treatments before and following welding to restore their toughness and strength. Having sufficient space for the and construction is important, as a cramped workshop can be difficult to work in. The tools to fabricate the and can add considerably to the cost of your project if you don't already have a workshop, but borrowing or renting items is also an option.

Build Costs Many components for an amateur-built dune buggy can be sourced from small production cars (i.e. Mini) instead of being fabricated if doing so is acceptable. This will lower the overall cost. If the buggy is to be used in racing, there will likely be a higher standard of build quality required, the cost of which will be significantly more than for someone who wants to zip around their back yard. Costs for a race quality machine usually include higher quality suspension, engine and safety components.

Build Effort Because the buggy is, there will be significant effort in design and construction. There is however, an equally great satisfaction and sense of accomplishment at being one of the few people in the world who have built their own race car from the ground up! Racing Cost Consumable costs depend on the seriousness of the racing—Tires probably form the single largest consumable expense along with engine rebuilds and suspension part replacements. A dirty or gritty working environment will usually translate into parts wearing out sooner. Transportation and Support Equipment Trailering required.

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The by Advanced Vehicle Engineers, August 1973 A roadable aircraft (also referred to as a flying car) is a hybrid vehicle that combines the flying capability of an aircraft with the option of being driven as an automobile on the ground. The roadable aircraft is typically recognized as a small plane with retractable wings that has both the freedom to fly in the open sky and drive conveniently and flexibly along roads. Most roadable aircraft fall into one of two styles: integrated (all components can be carried in the vehicle, or on a trailer attached to the vehicle), or modular (some aeronautical sections are left at the airport while the vehicle is driven).

In the U.S., the (DARPA) has shown an interest in the concept with a $65 million program called to develop a four-person roadable aircraft by 2015. The vehicle is required to take off vertically, and have a 280-mile range. And were awarded contracts in late 2010 for the Phase 1 program. Lockheed Martin's design was selected to continue to Phase 3. In April 2012, the International Flying Car Association was established to be the 'central resource center for information and communication between the flying car industry, news networks, governments, and those seeking further information worldwide'.

Because flying cars need practical regulations that are mostly dealt with on a regional level, several regional associations were established as well, with the European Flying Car Association (EFCA) representing these national member associations on a pan-European level (51 independent countries, including the European Union Member States, the Accession Candidates and Russia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine). The associations are also organizing racing competitions for roadable aircraft in Europe, the European Roadable Aircraft Prix (ERAP), mainly to increase awareness about this type of aircraft among a broader audience. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • History [ ], the chief rival of the, was the first to design a roadable aircraft.

His large, three-wing was able to hop, but not fly. In 1935, inventor Constantinos Vlachos built a prototype of a 'tri-phibian' vehicle that caught fire after the engine exploded, while Vlachos was demonstrating it in Vlachos' prototype is most notable for a that captured the incident, which left him in hospital for several months. The was an early attempt at a roadable aircraft. On March 26, 1936 the AC-35 was flown by test pilot James G. Ray with counter rotating propellers.

These were later replaced with a single conventional propeller arrangement. On October 2, 1936, Ray landed the AC-35 in a downtown park in where it was displayed, On October 26, 1936 The aircraft was converted to roadable configuration. Ray drove it to the main entrance of the Commerce Building where it was accepted by John H. Geisse, chief of the Aeronautics Branch.

Although it was successfully tested, it did not enter production. The first roadable fixedwing aircraft actually to fly was built. Waterman was associated with Curtiss while Curtiss was pioneering at North Island on in the 1910s. On March 21, 1937, Waterman's first took to the air. The Arrowbile was a development of Waterman's tailless aircraft, the. It had a wingspan of 38 feet (12 m) and a length of 20 feet 6 inches (6.25 m).

On the ground and in the air it was powered by a engine. It could fly at 112 mph (180 km/h) and drive at 56 mph (90 km/h). In 1942, the British army built the, an experimental roadable autogyro that was developed with the intention of producing a way of air-dropping off-road vehicles. Although initial tests showed that the Rotabuggy was prone to severe vibration at speeds greater than 45 miles per hour (72 km/h), with improvements the Rotabuggy achieved a flight speed of 70 mph (113 km/h). However, the introduction of that could carry vehicles (such as the and ) made the Rotabuggy superfluous and further development was cancelled.

Although several designs (such as the ConVairCar) have flown, none have enjoyed commercial success, and those that have flown are not widely known about by the general public. The most successful example, in that several were made and one is still flying, is the 1949. One notable design was Henry Smolinski's, made by mating the rear end of a with a, but it disintegrated during test flights killing Smolinski and the pilot. At the 2014 Pioneers Festival at Wien (Austria) presented their version 3.0 of their flying car. The prototype was conceived as a vehicle that can be converted from an automobile to an aircraft. The version 2.5 proof-of-concept took 20 years to develop, and first flew in 2013.

CEO Juraj Vaculik said that the company planned to move flying cars to market: 'the plan is that in 2017 we’ll be able to announce the first flying roadster. Ultimate Voice Coach Free Download. ' The most advanced real world flying car is AeroMobil.

AeroMobil is a flying car that perfectly makes use of existing infrastructure created for automobiles and planes, and opens doors to real door-to-door travel. As a car it fits into any standard parking space, uses regular gasoline, and can be used in road traffic just like any other car. As a plane it can use any airport in the world, but can also take off and land using any grass strip or paved surface just a few hundred meters long. The current flying car prototype AeroMobil 3.0 incorporates significant improvements and upgrades to the previous pre-prototype AeroMobil 2.5. It is now finalised and has been in regular flight-testing program in real flight conditions since October 2014.

The AeroMobil 3.0 is predominantly built from advanced composite material. That includes its body shell, wings, and wheels. It also contains all the main features that are likely to be incorporated into the final product, such as avionics equipment, autopilot and an advanced parachute deployment system.

AeroMobil 3.0 also implements a number of other advanced technologies, such as a variable angle of attack of the wings that significantly shortens the take-off requirements, and sturdy suspension that enables it to take-off and land even at relatively rough terrain. Also notable is the roadable aircraft PAL-V ONE, which is an autogyro or gyrocopter that can be taken to the road, too. List of roadable aircraft [ ]. This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

(January 2015) Type Date/Era Description Designer/Developer Status 1917 Modular airplane / Prototype 1925–1942 Integrated airplane Frank E. Skroback Prototype 1935–1942 Integrated autogyro Flying prototype 1935–1957 Integrated airplane / Watermann Arrowplane Co.

Flying prototype 1935–1938 Modular airplane Joseph M. / Gwinn Aircar Company, Inc. Flying prototype. Crashed Southernaire Roadable 1939 Ted Hall / Southern Aircraft Co. Flown Jess Dixon's flying auto 1940 Integrated copter Jess Dixon Flying prototype, patent 1942–1944 Integrated autogyro / R. Malcolm Ltd Flying prototype Airmaster 1944 Modular airplane Herbert & Helen Boggs Concept 1946 Modular airplane / Continental Inc Prototype 1946 Modular airplane Ted Hall / Flying prototype 1947–1948 Modular airplane Ted Hall / Flying prototype 1946–1953 Integrated airplane Luigi Pellarini / Prototype 1946–1960s Modular airplane / Flying prototype 1953–1974 Integrated airplane Leland Bryan Flying prototype. Crashed BelGeddes 1954 Modular airplane Concept Halsmer Aero Car 1959 Integrated airplane Joseph Halsmer Flew 1965–1971 Integrated helicopter Alfred Vogt / Wagner Flying prototype 1971–1973 Modular airplane Henry Smolinski / Advanced Vehicle Engineers Crashed.

Killing developer 1973-1977 Modular airplane Robert Lebouder Flew successfully, won prizes until damaged in landing accident AviAuto 1981–1990s Integrated airplane Harvey Miller / Aviauto Corp / Concept Current development examples [ ]. A number of companies are developing vehicles, although few have demonstrated a full-sized vehicle capable of free flight. Flying Cars [ ] • The utilises a for propulsion and a for lift.

The main body consists of a modified dune buggy. It has a top speed of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a maximum range of 180 miles (290 km) in flight. On the ground it has a top speed of 112 mph (180 km/h) and a maximum range of 249 miles (401 km). Parajet flew and drove its prototype from to in January 2009. • The is under development by a private company founded by MIT graduates. It is a roadable aircraft that the company describes as a 'Personal Air Vehicle'.

The aircraft can fold its wings in 30 seconds and drive the front wheels, enabling it to operate as a traditional road vehicle and as a general aviation aeroplane. The company planned to release its Transition ' to customers in late 2011. An operational prototype was displayed at in 2008 and its first flight occurred on 2009-03-05.

Owners will drive the car from their garage to an airport where they will then be able to fly within a range of 500 mi (800 km). It will carry two people plus luggage and its engine operates on premium unleaded gas. It was approved by the in June 2010, and its anticipated base purchase price is $279,000. • was an roadable designed and manufactured. It is a registered • is a hybrid of a gyrocopter with a leaning 3-wheel motorcycle. It has two seats and a 160 kW flight certified gasoline engine.

It has a top speed of 180 km/h (112 mph) on land and in air, and 910 kg max. • The was designed by the of Florida as an off-road vehicle that could unfurl an advanced parachute and then travel by air over impassable terrain when roadways were no longer usable. The 1100-pound 'Maverick' vehicle is powered by a 128 hp (95 kW) engine that can also drive a five-bladed pusher. It was initially conceived in order to help to remote communities, but will also be marketed for visual and other similar activities in desolate areas or difficult terrain.

• The is a modification to the Glastar Sportsman GS-2 to make a practical roadable aircraft. The approach is novel in that it uses a mostly stock aircraft with a modified landing gear 'pod' that carries the engine for road propulsion. The wings fold along the side, and the main landing gear and engine pod slide aft in driving configuration to compensate for the rearward center of gravity with the wings folded, and provide additional stability for road travel. • The 2.5 has folding wings and a Rotax 912 engine. It can travel at 200 kilometres per hour (124 mph) with a range of 690 kilometres (430 mi), and flew for the first time in 2013. On October 29, 2014, Slovak startup AeroMobil s.r.o.

Unveiled at Vienna Pioneers Festival, a 2-person 'Flying roadster' certified in Slovakia. Partially flying [ ] • The is a developmental hybrid using joined fuselages, and twin combustion engines powering four 15 kW electric propellers. Road functional, or scale models flying [ ] • LaBiche Aerospace's is a developmental prototype Flying Car and is an attempt to produce a practical flying car capable of utilizing today's automotive and aviation infrastructure to provide true 'door-to-door' travel [ ].

The vehicle is intended to be parked in any garage or parking space available for cars. A design goal is to be capable of automatic conversion from aircraft to car at the touch of a button. LaBiche has flown a 1/10 scale model, tested a ¼-scale model and was last reported to be working on the FSC-1 prototype for road and air testing, as of 2006. It was hoped that upon approval from the FAA, a new satellite-navigation 'hands free' flight system to travel from airport to airport might eliminate the need for a pilot's license [ ]. Numerous safety systems and fail safes are also planned on the FSC-1, such as a recovery parachute. No news has been added to the website since December, 2010. • The is a development stage vehicle that uses a single turbofan engine to provide thrust in the air and to generate electricity to power electric motors for ground travel.

In 'car mode', a patented mechanism allows the wings to fold into the body of the vehicle, which is designed to fit into a single car garage and regular parking space. In 'aircraft mode' the vehicle will have capabilities and be able to use almost any public use airfield. It is expected to have a top speed of 400 mph (640 km/h) and a range of 830 miles (1,340 km).

The skyblazer team has completed wind tunnel, stability and control testing and flown a 1/6 scale model. • The, by Samson Motorworks is a three-wheel concept with scissor wings. First introduced at AirVenture 2009, the Switchblade is to utilize a single engine and to keep the propeller out of harm's way on the ground. The wheels and propeller are to be powered by the same engine, but wheel-power only to be utilized on the ground. Development is ongoing at Swift Engineering of.

A predicted top speed of 100 mph (160 km/h) on the ground is nearly as fast as the anticipated 160 mph (260 km/h) in the air. No parts are left at the airport after conversion from aircraft to ground vehicle, as the main wing and tail assembly retracts into the vehicle body. As of, the team has also completed flight testing of a 1/4 scale model and are progressing onto building a full-scale remote controlled model.

• The SkyProwler is a flying small-scale version of their 'switchblade'-type SkyCruiser concept, using mid-air conversion between quadcopter and fixed-wing. The wing is somewhat smaller than usual as the rotors perform the lift at low speed. •, Germany Concepts [ ] • The was a modular design developed in the early 2000s but never built. • The iCar 101 project suggests the use of in roadable aircraft design to combine compactness and increased lift potential. Popular culture [ ] • Actor owned one of four I's, and the car appeared on his television show,, 1961–1962. • The 1974 film portrayed the villain escaping in a 1974 with a jet engine and wings mounted to the roof.

• In 2005, 's hoster built a roadable aircraft by combining an old with a. See also [ ] • • • • • • References [ ]. • Warwick, Graham., AW&ST On Technology, online website, April 16, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2013.

• Warwick, Graham.. Aviation Week. Retrieved 3 September 2013. • Olivarez-Giles, Nathan..

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Retrieved 2 April 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2016. • (April 11, 2009)..

New York Times. Popular Science.

January 1936: 29. Special-Interest Autos.

July 1974: 44. • Dawson, Virginia; Mark D. Bowles (2005). Realizing the dream of flight: biographical essays in honor of the centennial of flight, 1903–2003. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Division, Office of External Relations. • Popular Science, May 1937 • Popular Science,May 1934, rare photos in article • Zaloga, Steven J. Osprey Publishing.

• Mack, Eric.. Retrieved 17 March 2015. Retrieved 2010-10-07. Retrieved 2010-04-15. • Haines, Thomas B.. Retrieved 2010-04-15. • Jerry Garrett (April 5, 2012),, Wheels blog, The New York Times, retrieved 2013-04-20 • O'Carroll, Eoin..

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116 (16): 16. Missing or empty title= () • Blain, Loz. GizMag, 17 April 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2012. •, 9 November 2011.

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Retrieved 4 April 2012. Retrieved 2010-10-07. • Logan Ward,, Popular Mechanics, November 2009.

Retrieved 25 October 2009. • Budd Davisson (October 2010).

'The PD-1 Roadable Glastar'. Sport Aviation. Retrieved 22 October 2010. • ALYSSA DANIGELIS. ', OCT 21, 2013. Accessed: 22 October 2013. Retrieved 2014-10-30.

Retrieved 2014-10-30. • Druiker, Cindy (9 May 2015).. From the original on 14 March 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015. • LaBiche Aerospace: •. Retrieved 2010-10-07. Retrieved 2011-04-25.

• Bayerl, Robby; Martin Berkemeier; et al.: World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011-12, page 118. WDLA UK, Lancaster UK, 2011. ISSN 1368-485X • Grady, Mary (25 April 2009).. Retrieved 15 October 2012.

Retrieved 2011-04-25. • Stevenson, Beth (14 November 2014),,, Reed Business Information, retrieved 16 November 2014 • Hambling, David. ', 31 October 2014. Accessed: 16 November 2014. • Szondy, David. ' GizMag, 25 October 2014. Accessed: 16 November 2014.

• Durden, Rick (16 November 2014).. Retrieved 17 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-01 •:, November 2014 •:, September 2006 Further reading [ ] • BBC News,, September 22, 2004. • Brown, Stuart F., online, August 22, 2014, and in print on August 24, 2014, on p. AU1 of the New York edition. • Feltman, Rachel.,, February 21, 2013.

• Hakim, Danny., online, June 16, 2014, and in print on June 17, 2014, p. D2 of the New York edition. • Hodgdon, Theodore, A. (1979), 'At Last —a Convertible Auto-Plane', in Onosko, Tim (ed.), Wasn't the Future Wonderful?: A View of Trends and Technology from the 1930s, Dutton, pp. 152–153, CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list () External links [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. •, pictures and descriptions of over 70 designs of flying cars and roadable aircraft past and present.