Adelaide: Population 1,324,279 (2016) () • Density 406.507/km 2 (1,052.849/sq mi) (2011) Established 28 December 1836 ( 1836-12-28) Area 3,257.7 km 2 (1,257.8 sq mi) () • Summer () () Location • 654 km (406 mi) NW of • 958 km (595 mi) West of • 1,161 km (721 mi) West of • 1,600 km (994 mi) SW of • 2,130 km (1,324 mi) East of Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall 22.4 °C 72 °F 12.3 °C 54 °F 543.9 mm 21.4 in Adelaide ( ( ) ) is the city of the state of, and the. In June 2016, Adelaide had an estimated resident population of 1,324,279. Adelaide is home to more than 75 percent of the South Australian population, making it the most centralised population of any state in. Adelaide is north of the, on the between the and the low-lying which surround the city.

Adelaide stretches 20 km (12 mi) from the coast to the foothills, and 94 to 104 km (58 to 65 mi) from at its northern extent to in the south. Named in honour of, to, the city was founded in 1836 as the for a freely-settled British province in Australia., one of Adelaide's founding fathers, designed the city and chose its location close to the, in the area originally inhabited by the. Light's design set out Adelaide in a, interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares, and entirely surrounded.

Early Adelaide was shaped by prosperity and wealth—until the, it was Australia's third-largest city and one of the few Australian cities to not have convict history. It has been noted for early examples of religious freedom, a commitment to political and civil liberties. It has been known as the 'City of Churches' since the mid-19th century. The demonym 'Adelaidean' is used in reference to the city and its residents. A New History Of The Double Bass Paul Brun Pdf Converter there.

As South Australia's seat of government and commercial centre, Adelaide is the site of many governmental and financial institutions. Most of these are concentrated in the along the cultural boulevard of, and in various districts of the metropolitan area. Today, Adelaide is noted for and sporting events, its food and wine, its long beachfronts, and its large defence and manufacturing sectors. It ranks highly in terms of liveability, being listed in the Top 10 of 's World's Most Liveable Cities index in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2015. It was also ranked the in Australia by the Property Council of Australia in 2011, 2012 and 2013. Approximate extent of Kaurna territory, based on the description by Amery (2000) Prior to its proclamation as a British settlement in 1836, the area around Adelaide was inhabited by the indigenous nation (pronounced 'Garner'). Kaurna culture and language was almost completely destroyed within a few decades of the European settlement of South Australia in 1836.

However, extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both language and culture. 19th century [ ]. In July 1876, the Illustrated Sydney News published a special supplement that included an early aerial view of the City of Adelaide, the River Torrens and portion of North Adelaide from a point above Pennington Terrace, North Adelaide. South Australia was officially proclaimed as a British colony on 28 December 1836, near in what is now the suburb of. The event is commemorated in South Australia as. The site of the colony's capital was surveyed and laid out by Colonel William Light, the first Surveyor-General of South Australia, through the design made by the architect.

Adelaide was established as a planned colony of free immigrants, promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution, based upon the ideas of. Wakefield had read accounts of Australian settlement while in prison in London for attempting to abduct an heiress, and realised that the eastern colonies suffered from a lack of available labour, due to the practice of giving land grants to all arrivals. Wakefield's idea was for the Government to survey and sell the land at a rate that would maintain land values high enough to be unaffordable for labourers and journeymen. Funds raised from the sale of land were to be used to bring out working class emigrants, who would have to work hard for the monied settlers to ever afford their own land. As a result of this policy, Adelaide does not share of other Australian cities like,, and.

3661-Screen & Assess Guide TEXT 12/1/07 8:30 AM Page 1 Early Intervention Learning Difficulties Support Document Screening and Assessment Resource Guide. The South Australian Spelling Test has been around for a number of years and is a staple of nearly all Australian primary and early secondary teachers assessment schedule. The test consists of 70 words and when completed allows the teacher to generate a spelling age for that student based upon their.

North Terrace in 1841 As it was believed that in a colony of free settlers there would be little crime, no provision was made for a in Colonel Light's 1837 plan. However, by mid-1837 the was warning of escaped convicts from New South Wales and tenders for a temporary gaol were sought. Following a burglary, a murder, and two attempted murders in Adelaide during March 1838, Governor Hindmarsh created the South Australian Police Force (now named ) in April 1838 under 21-year-old. The first sheriff, Mr Samuel Smart, was wounded during a robbery, and on 2 May 1838 one of the offenders, Michael Magee, became the first person to be hanged in South Australia. William Baker Ashton was appointed governor of the temporary gaol in 1839, and in 1840 George Strickland Kingston was commissioned to design Adelaide's new gaol.

Construction of commenced in 1841. 1888 Map of Adelaide, showing the gradual development of its urban layout Adelaide's early history was wrought by economic uncertainty and questionable leadership. [ – ] The first governor of South Australia,, clashed frequently with others, in particular the Resident Commissioner,. The rural area surrounding Adelaide was surveyed by Light in preparation to sell a total of over 405 km 2 (156 sq mi) of land. Adelaide's early economy started to get on its feet in 1838 with the arrival of livestock from, and. Wool production provided an early basis for the South Australian economy. By 1860, wheat farms had been established from in the south to in the north.

Took over from Hindmarsh in late 1838 and, despite being under orders from the Select Committee on South Australia in Britain not to undertake any public works, promptly oversaw construction of a governor's house, the, police barracks, a hospital, a and a wharf. Gawler was recalled and replaced by in 1841. Grey slashed public expenditure against heavy opposition, although its impact was negligible at this point: silver was discovered in that year, agriculture was well underway, and other mines sprung up all over the state, aiding Adelaide's commercial development.

The city exported meat, wool, wine, fruit and wheat by the time Grey left in 1845, contrasting with a low point in 1842 when one-third of Adelaide houses were abandoned. [ ] Trade links with the rest of the Australian states were established with the being successfully navigated in 1853 by, an Adelaide resident. South Australia became a in 1856 with the ratification of a new constitution by the British parliament. Were introduced, and a parliament was elected on 9 March 1857, by which time 109,917 people lived in the province.

In 1860 the reservoir was opened, finally providing an alternative water source to the now turbid River Torrens. Gas street lighting was implemented in 1867, the was founded in 1874, the opened in 1881 and the opened in 1896. In the 1890s Australia was affected by a severe economic depression, ending a hectic era of land booms and tumultuous expansionism. Financial institutions in Melbourne and banks in Sydney closed. The national fertility rate fell and immigration was reduced to a trickle. The value of South Australia's exports nearly halved. Drought and poor harvests from 1884 compounded the problems, with some families leaving for Western Australia.

[ ] Adelaide was not as badly hit as the larger gold-rush cities of Sydney and Melbourne, and silver and lead discoveries at provided some relief. Only one year of deficit was recorded, but the price paid was retrenchments and lean public spending. Wine and copper were the only industries not to suffer a downturn. [ ] 20th century [ ]. At 132 metres (Australia's 133rd tallest building). Electric street lighting was introduced in 1900 and electric trams were transporting passengers in 1909.

28,000 men were sent to fight in World War I. Historian F.W. Crowley examined the reports of visitors in the early 20th century, noting that 'many visitors to Adelaide admired the of its founders', as well as pondering on the riches of the young city.

Adelaide enjoyed a post-war boom, entering a time of relative prosperity. Its population grew, and it became the 3rd most populous metropolitan area in the country—after Sydney and Melbourne. Its prosperity was short lived, with the return of droughts, having endured the of the 1930s, and later returning to fortune under strong government leadership. [ ] helped reduce the state's dependence on. World War II brought industrial stimulus and diversification to Adelaide under the Government, which advocated Adelaide as a safe place for manufacturing due to its less vulnerable location. Shipbuilding was expanded at the nearby port of. Intersection of North Terrace and viewed from, 1938.

The South Australian Government in this period built on former wartime manufacturing industries. International manufacturers like General Motors and made use of these factories around Adelaide, completing its transformation from an agricultural service centre to a 20th-century city. A pipeline from brought water to Adelaide in 1954 and opened at in 1955. And the were established in the 1960s at Bedford Park, south of the city. Today, Flinders Medical Centre is one of the largest teaching hospitals within the South Australia. The of the 1970s saw something of an Adelaide 'cultural revival', [ ] establishing a wide array of social reforms and overseeing the city becoming a centre of the arts, building upon the biennial ' which commenced in 1960. Adelaide hosted the between 1985 and 1996 on a street circuit in the city's east parklands; it then moved to Melbourne in 1996.

The 1991 collapsed during the then economic recession, with its effects lasting until 2004, when ratings agency reinstated South Australia's AAA credit rating. Since 1999, the race has made use of sections of the former Formula One circuit. Adelaide's tallest building, built in 1988, was originally known as the State Bank Building.

In 1991 it was renamed the Santos Building and in 2006 it was again renamed. Its second tallest building, the (a.k.a. The Mighty Black stump) was completed in 1975. 21st century [ ]. The Adelaide central business district at night, 2013 In the early years of the 21st century there was a significant increase in the State Government's spending on Adelaide's infrastructure.

The invested A$535 million in a major upgrade of the Adelaide Oval to enable to be played in the city centre and more than A$2 to build a new on land adjacent to the Adelaide Railway Station. The Glenelg tramline was extended through the city to Hindmarsh and the suburban railway line extended south to Seaford. Following a period of stagnancy in the 1990s and 2000s, Adelaide began several major developments and redevelopments. The Adelaide Convention Centre was redeveloped and expanded at a cost of A$350 million beginning in 2012. Three historic buildings were adapted for modern use: the in Victoria Square as the Adelaide campus for Carnegie Mellon University, University College London and Torrens University; the Stock Exchange building as the Science Exchange of the Royal Institution Australia; and the Glenside Psychiatric Hospital as the Adelaide Studios of the.

The government also invested more than A$2 billion to build a plant, powered by renewable energy, as an 'insurance policy' against droughts affecting Adelaide's. In the Arts the, and became annual events. Geography [ ]. City map of Adelaide, Australia. Adelaide is north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges. The city stretches 20 km (12 mi) from the coast to the foothills, and 90 km (56 mi) from at its northern extent to in the south. According to the Regional Development Australia, an Australian government planning initiative, the 'Adelaide Metropolitan Region' has a total land area of 870 km 2 (340 sq mi), while a more expansive definition by the Australian Bureau of Statistics defines a 'Greater Adelaide' statistical area totalling 3,257.7 km 2 (1,257.8 sq mi).

The city sits at an average elevation of 50 metres (160 ft) above sea level., east of the Adelaide metropolitan region in the Adelaide Hills at an elevation of 727 metres (2,385 ft), is the tallest point of the city and in the state south of. Much of Adelaide was bushland before British settlement, with some variation – sandhills, swamps and marshlands were prevalent around the coast. The loss of the sandhills to urban development had a particularly destructive effect on the coastline due to erosion. Where practical, the government has implemented programs to rebuild and vegetate sandhills at several of Adelaide's beachside suburbs.

Much of the original vegetation has been cleared with what is left to be found in reserves such as the and. A number of creeks and rivers flow through the Adelaide region. The largest are the Torrens and catchments. Adelaide relies on its many reservoirs for water supply with the supplying around 40% and the much larger 10% of Adelaide's domestic requirements respectively. Adelaide and its surrounding area is one of the most seismically active regions in Australia. On 1 March 1954 at 3:40 am Adelaide experienced its largest recorded earthquake to date, with the epicentre 12 km from the city centre at, and a reported magnitude of 5.6. There have been smaller earthquakes in 2010, 2011 and 2014.

Urban layout [ ]. The corner of (right) and (left), looking south-west from. Adelaide is a planned city, designed by the first surveyor-general of South Australia, Colonel.

His plan, now known as Light's Vision, arranged Adelaide in a grid, with in the and a ring of parks, known as the, surrounding it. Light's selection of the location for the city was initially unpopular with the early settlers, as well as South Australia's first governor, John Hindmarsh, due to its distance from the harbour at Port Adelaide, and the lack of fresh water there. Light successfully persisted with his choice of location against this initial opposition. The benefits of Light's design are numerous: Adelaide has had wide multi-lane roads from its beginning, an easily navigable grid layout and an expansive green ring around the city centre. There are two sets of in Adelaide that have resulted from the original design. The () borders the parklands, and the outer route (///) completely bypasses the inner city via (in clockwise order), Hampstead Road, Ascot Avenue,, and.

Footbridge across the Torrens River, with the stadium in the background Suburban expansion has to some extent outgrown Light's original plan. Numerous former outlying villages and 'country towns', as well as the satellite city of, have been enveloped by its. Expanding developments in the Adelaide Hills region led to the construction of the to cope with growth, which has subsequently led to new developments and further improvements to that transport corridor.

Similarly, the booming development in Adelaide's led to the construction of the. New roads are not the only transport infrastructure developed to cope with the urban growth. The is an example of a unique solution to transport woes in the 1980s.

The development of the nearby suburb of in the late 1980s is an example of well-thought-out urban planning. King William Street, one of the widest main streets in an Australian capital city, viewed from Victoria Square.

In the 1960s, a Plan was proposed in order to cater for the future growth of the city. The plan involved the construction of freeways, and the upgrade of certain aspects of the public transport system. The then premier approved many parts of the plan and the government went as far as purchasing land for the project. The later government elected under shelved the plan, but allowed the purchased land to remain vacant, should the future need for freeways arise. In 1980, the won government and premier committed his government to selling off the land acquired for the MATS plan, ensuring that even when needs changed, the construction of most MATS-proposed freeways would be impractical.

Some parts of this land have been used for transport, (e.g. The O-Bahn Busway and Southern Expressway), while most has been progressively subdivided for residential use. In 2008, the announced plans for a network of across the Adelaide metropolitan area and purchased a at for $52.5 million as the first of these developments. The site covers 102,478 square metres, or about 10 hectares, and is bounded by Park Terrace to the south, the Adelaide to Outer Harbour railway line to the west, Drayton Street to the north and Sixth and Seventh Streets to the east.

Main article: Historically, Adelaide's suburban residential areas have been characterised by single-storey detached houses built on 1,000-square-metre ( 1⁄ 4-acre) blocks. A relative lack of suitable locally available timber for construction purposes led to the early development of a brick-making industry, as well as the use of stone, for houses and other buildings. By 1891 68% of houses were built of stone, 15% of timber, and 10% of brick, with brick also being widely used in stone houses for quoins, door and window surrounds, and chimneys and fireplaces. There is a wide variety in the styles of these predominately brick, and to a lesser degree, stone, and/or stone-faced, single-storey detached houses.

After both of the World Wars, the use of red bricks was popular. In the 1960s, cream bricks became popular, and in the 1970s, deep red and brown bricks became popular. [ ] Until the 1970s, roofs tended to be clad with corrugated iron or clay tiles (usually red clay). Since then, cement tiles and colourbond corrugated (and other types of) iron have also become popular.

Most roofs are pitched; flat roofs are not common. Up to the 1970s, the majority of houses were of 'double brick' construction on concrete footings, with timber floors laid on joists supported by 'dwarf walls'. Due to Adelaide's (particularly Keswick Clay, black earth and some red-brown earth soils ), since then houses have mainly been constructed of ' over a (and more recently, over a light ) on a. The use of precast concrete panels for floor and wall construction has also increased. In addition to this, a significant factor in Adelaide's suburban history is the role of the. Main article: Adelaide has a ( Csa), with warm to hot dry summers and mild short winters, with most falling in the winter months.

Adelaide receives enough annual precipitation to avoid 's BSh (semi-arid climate) classification. Rainfall is unreliable, light and infrequent throughout summer.

In contrast, the winter has fairly reliable rainfall with June being the wettest month of the year, averaging around 80 mm. Are occasional, with the most notable occurrences in July 1908 and July 1982.

Hail is also common in winter. Adelaide is a windy city—it experiences in winter, which makes the temperature. Snowfall in the metropolitan area is extremely uncommon, although light and sporadic falls in the nearby hills and at occur during winter. Dewpoints in the summer typically range from 8 to 10 °C (46 to 50 °F). The average sea temperature ranges from 13.7 °C (56.7 °F) in August to 21.2 °C (70.2 °F) in February. Adelaide, as the capital of South Australia, is the seat of the. As Adelaide is South Australia's capital and most populous city, the State Government co-operates extensively with the.

In 2006, the Ministry for the City of Adelaide was created to facilitate the state government's collaboration with the and the Lord Mayor to improve Adelaide's image. The state parliament's Capital City Committee is also involved in the governance of the City of Adelaide, being primarily concerned with the planning of Adelaide's urban development and growth. Local governments [ ]. Vietnam (Based on 2006 Census data) Compared with the four other major state capitals in Australia, Adelaide is growing at a much slower rate. In 2015, Adelaide had a metropolitan population of more than 1,316,779 making it Australia's fifth largest city. Some 77% of the population of South Australia are residents of the Adelaide metropolitan area, making South Australia one of the most centralised states.

Major areas of population growth in recent years have been in outer suburbs such as and Golden Grove. Adelaide's inhabitants occupy 366,912 houses, 57,695 semi-detached, row terrace or town houses and 49,413 flats, units or apartments. About one sixth (17.1%) of the population had university qualifications. The number of Adelaideans with vocational qualifications (such as tradespersons) fell from 62.1% of the labour force in the 1991 census to 52.4% in the 2001 census.

Overseas-born Adelaideans composed 29.8% of the total population. Suburbs including, and in the east and, and to the west, have large and communities. The Italian consulate is located in the eastern suburb of.

Large populations are settled in the north-western suburbs of,,, and and also and in Adelaide's north. Migrants from and have settled into inner suburban areas of Adelaide including the inner northern suburbs of, and and the inner southern suburbs of, and.

On Moonta Street in the Suburbs such as,, and in the north and, and in the West are experiencing large migration from and. Favour settling in the eastern and north eastern suburbs including,, and. Has a large international student population, due to its proximity to the campus. The five largest groups of overseas-born were from UK (7.0%), Italy (1.6%), India (1.4%), China (1.3%) and (1.0%).

The most-spoken languages other than were Italian (2.6%), Greek (1.9%), (1.3%), Vietnamese (1.3%), and (0.7%). [ ] Significant overseas born populations Country of birth Population (2011) 92,174 21,068 18,434 17,118 13,167 Age structure [ ] Adelaide is ageing more rapidly than other Australian capital cities. More than a quarter (27.5%) of Adelaide's population is aged 55 years or older, in comparison to the national average of 25.6%.

Adelaide has the lowest number of children (under-15-year-olds), who comprised 17.7% of the population, compared to the national average of 19.3%. Religion [ ]. In Victoria Square Adelaide was founded on a vision of religious tolerance which attracted a wide variety of religious practitioners. This led to it being known as The City of Churches.

However, approximately 28% of the population expressed no religious affiliation in the 2011 Census, compared with the national average of 22.3%, making Adelaide one of the least religious cities in Australia. Over half of the population of Adelaide identifies as Christian, with the largest denominations being (21.3%), (12.6%), (7.6%) and (3.5%). The community of the city dates back to 1840. Eight years later, 58 Jews lived in the city. The Jewish was built in 1871, when 435 Jews lived in the city.

Many Jews took part in the city councils, such as Judah Moss Solomon (1852–66) and others after him. Three Jews have been elected to the position of city mayor. In the 1960s, the Jewish population of Adelaide numbered about 1,200; in 2001, according to the Australian census, 979 persons declared themselves to be Jewish by religion. In 2011, over 1,000 Jews were living in the city, operating an and a school, in addition to a virtual Jewish museum. The ' community in Australia first became established in the 1860s when camels and their Pathan, Punjabi, Baluchi and Sindhi handlers began to be used to open up settlement in the arid interior of the continent. Until eventually superseded by the advent of the railways and later, motor vehicles, they played an invaluable economic and social role in transporting heavy loads of goods to, and products from, isolated settlements and mines.

This role is acknowledged by the name of, the passenger train operating between Adelaide, Alice Springs, and Darwin. The is regarded as the oldest permanent mosque in Australia; however an earlier in northern South Australia, dating from 1861–62 and subsequently abandoned or demolished, has now been rebuilt. The Adelaide-built entering, August 2004.

South Australia's largest employment sector is health care and social assistance, surpassing manufacturing in SA as the largest employer since 2006–07. In 2009–10, manufacturing in SA had average annual employment of 83,700 persons compared with 103,300 for health care and social assistance.

Health care and social assistance represented nearly 13% of the state average annual employment. The is an iconic and viable economic region for both the state and country in terms of wine production and sale. The 2014 vintage is reported as consisting of 5,836 t (5,744 long tons; 6,433 short tons) red grapes crushed valued at A$8,196,142 and 12,037 t (11,847 long tons; 13,269 short tons) white grapes crushed valued at $14,777,631. The retail trade is the second largest employer in SA (2009–10), with 91,900 jobs, and 12 per cent of the state workforce.

Manufacturing, defence technology, high tech electronic systems and research, commodity export and corresponding service industries all play a role in the SA economy. Almost half of all cars produced in Australia were made in Adelaide at the plant in. The site ceased operating in November 2017. The resulted in large levels of state public debt (as much as A$4 billion).

The collapse meant that successive governments enacted lean budgets, cutting spending, which was a setback to the further economic development of the city and state. The debt has more recently been reduced with the State Government once again receiving a AAA+ Credit Rating. The global media conglomerate was founded in, and until 2004 incorporated in, Adelaide and it is still considered its 'spiritual' home. Australia's largest oil company,, prominent South Australian brewery,, and national retailer also call Adelaide their home.

Defence industry [ ] Adelaide is home to a large proportion of Australia's defence industries, which contribute over A$1 billion to South Australia's Gross State Product. The principal government military research institution, the, and other defence technology organisations such as and Lockheed Martin Australia, are north of Salisbury and west of Elizabeth in an area now called 'Edinburgh Parks', adjacent to. Others, such as Saab Systems and Raytheon, are in or near., based in the industrial suburb of. South Australia was charged with constructing Australia's and more recently the A$6 billion contract to construct the 's new. Employment statistics [ ] As of November 2015, Greater Adelaide had an unemployment rate of 7.4% with a youth unemployment rate of 15%.

The median weekly individual income for people aged 15 years and over was $447 per week in 2006, compared with $466 nationally. The median family income was $1,137 per week, compared with $1,171 nationally. Adelaide's housing and living costs are substantially lower than that of other Australian cities, with housing being notably cheaper. The median Adelaide house price is half that of Sydney and two-thirds that of Melbourne. The three-month trend unemployment rate to March 2007 was 6.2%.

The Northern suburbs' unemployment rate is disproportionately higher than the other regions of Adelaide at 8.3%, while the East and South are lower than the Adelaide average at 4.9% and 5.0% respectively. House prices [ ] Over the decade March 2001 – March 2010, Metropolitan Adelaide median house prices approximately tripled. 285% – approx. Compounding) In the 5 years March 2007 – March 2012, prices increased by approx. 27% – approx.

March 2012 – March 2017 saw a further increase of 19% – approx. In summary: March 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Median 140,000 170,000 200,000 250,000 270,000 280,000 300,000 360,000 350,000 400,000 400,000 380,000 393,000 413,000 425,000 436,000 452,000% change 21% 18% 25% 8% 4% 7% 20% −3% 14% 0% −5% 3% 5% 3% 3% 4% All numbers approximate and rounded. Since March 2012, the REISA no longer release a median house price for the Adelaide Metropolitan area so figures retrieved are from Dept of the Premier and Cabinet. Each quarter, (ADISA) publishes a list of median house sale prices by suburb and. [ ] (Previously, this was done by REISA ) Due to the small size of many of Adelaide's suburbs, the low volumes of sales in these suburbs, and (over time) the huge variations in the numbers of sales in a suburb in a quarter, statistical analysis of 'the most expensive suburb' is unreliable; the suburbs appearing in the 'top 10 most expensive suburbs this quarter' list is constantly varying.

Quarterly Reports for the last two years can be found on the REISA website. Education and research [ ]. Part of the Education forms an increasingly important part of the city's economy, with the South Australian Government and educational institutions attempting to position Adelaide as 'Australia's education hub' and marketing it as a 'Learning City.' The number of international students studying in Adelaide has increased rapidly in recent years to 30,726 in 2015, of which 1,824 were secondary school students. In addition to the city's existing institutions, foreign institutions have been attracted to set up campuses in order to increase its attractiveness as an education hub. Adelaide is the birthplace of three Nobel laureates,: physicist and pathologists and, all of whom completed secondary and tertiary education at and the. Primary and secondary education [ ] At the level of primary and secondary education, there are two systems of school education.

There is a public system operated by the South Australian Government and a private system of independent and. All schools provide education under the (SACE) or, to a lesser extent, the (IB), with Adelaide having the highest number of IB schools in Australia.

[ ] Tertiary education [ ]. Historic Torrens Building in houses campuses of several international universities operating in South Australia There are three public universities local to Adelaide, as well as one private university and three constituent colleges of foreign universities., the, the and —part of the are based in Adelaide. The University of Adelaide was ranked in the top 150 universities worldwide. Flinders ranked in the top 250 and Uni SA in the top 300. Torrens University Australia is part of an international network of over 70 higher education institutions in more than 30 countries worldwide. The historic Torrens Building in houses 's, 's, and 's School of Energy and Resources (Australia), and constitute the city's international university precinct.

The, with 25,000 students, is Australia's third-oldest university and a member of the leading '. It has five campuses throughout the state, including two in the city-centre, and a campus in Singapore. The, with 37,000 students, has two North Terrace campuses, three other campuses in the metropolitan area and campuses at and.

The, with 21,809 students, is in the southern suburb of, alongside the, and maintains a small city campus in Victoria Square. There are several South Australian (Technical and Further Education) campuses in the metropolitan area which provide a range of vocational education and training. The Adelaide College of the Arts, as a school of TAFE SA, provides nationally recognised training in visual and performing arts. Research [ ] In addition to the universities, Adelaide is home to a number of research institutes, including the, established in 2009 as a counterpart to the two-hundred-year-old of Great Britain. Many of the organisations involved in research tend to be geographically clustered throughout the Adelaide metropolitan area: • The east end of:; Hanson Institute;;.

• The west end of North Terrace: (SAHMRI), located next to the new. • The: Head Office and Plant Research Centre;;; research laboratories.

SARDI also have establishments at and. •:; (Australia); Australia Electronic Systems. • (): BAE Systems;;;; Lockheed Martin Australia Electronic Systems. • Research Park at: businesses involved in materials engineering, biotechnology, environmental services, information technology, industrial design, laser/optics technology, health products, engineering services, radar systems, telecommunications and petroleum services. • Science Park (adjacent to Flinders University): Playford Capital.

• The Institute for Translational Health Research in the research arm of the •. The, and part of the on North Terrace While established as a British province, and very much English in terms of its culture, Adelaide attracted immigrants from other parts of Europe early on, including German and other European non-conformists escaping religious persecution. The first German Lutherans arrived in 1838 bringing with them the that they used to found the acclaimed wineries of the. Arts and entertainment [ ] Adelaide's arts scene flourished in the 1960s and 1970s with the support of successive premiers from both major political parties. The renowned and were established in 1960 under Thomas Playford.

Construction of the began under Steele Hall in 1970 and was completed under the subsequent government of Don Dunstan, who also established the and, in 1976, the. Over time, the Adelaide Festival has expanded to include the,,,, and, all held predominately in the autumnal month of March (sometimes jocularly called 'mad March' by locals due to the hectic clustering of these events). Other festivals include (a celebration), (a biennial food and wine affair), and the (an annual and ). The, the first of its kind in South Australia, is situated on the River Torrens. Photo taken in 2007. There are many international cultural fairs, most notably the German and Greek. Adelaide is home to the, the world's largest.

[ ] As the state capital, Adelaide is home to a great number of cultural institutions with many along the boulevard of. The, with around 35,000 works, holds Australia's second largest state-based collection. Adjacent are the and, while the, and are nearby in the of the city.

In the back of the State Library lies the, Australia's oldest museum of its kind. Contemporary art scenes include the., on the banks of the Torrens, is the focal point for much of the cultural activity in the city and home to the, with other venues including the and the city's many smaller theatres, pubs and cabaret bars. The Adelaide Town Hall The has produced musical groups and individuals who have achieved national and international fame. This includes the, the, rock bands,,,, roots/blues group, internationally acclaimed metal acts and, popular Australian hip-hop outfit, pop acts like,,, and, as well as internationally successful tribute act, The.

Noted rocker spent most of his youth in the northern suburb of. Paul Kelly grew up in Adelaide and was head prefect at Rostrevor College. The first winner,, hails from the north-eastern suburb of. American musician used to base himself in Adelaide when he was married to Australian Frally Hynes. Folds recorded a song about Adelaide before he moved away. In addition to its own WOMADelaide, Adelaide attracts several touring music festivals, including,,,,,, and Adelaide plays host to two of Australia's leading contemporary dance companies. The and contribute to state festivals and perform nationally and internationally.

Is also based in Adelaide and is nationally recognised for working with disabled and non-disabled dancers to use movement as a means of expression. Adelaide has been recognised as a 'City of Music' by the Creative Cities Network. In 2014, founded the. Concert venues [ ]. Named after the founder of, is the headquarters for the publisher of Adelaide's daily newspaper, The Advertiser.

Newspapers [ ] Newspapers in Adelaide are dominated by publications—Adelaide being the birthplace of News Corporation itself. The only South Australian daily newspaper is, published by News Corporation six days a week. The same group publishes a Sunday paper, the. There are eleven suburban community newspapers published weekly, known collectively as the, also published by a subsidiary of News Corporation. Was a small independent newspaper providing an alternative view, but ceased publishing its print edition in November 2010 and now exists as a digital daily newsletter only. Is a free paper published fortnightly, and other independent magazine-style papers are published, but are not as widely available.

Television [ ] Adelaide is served by twenty-eight digital television channels. • • (ABC broadcast in ) • • • • • (SBS broadcast in ) • • • • • (Seven broadcast in HD) • • • • • • • (Nine broadcast in HD) • • • • • • (Ten broadcast in HD) • • • • • (Adelaide's community TV station) All of the five Australian national television networks broadcast both and digital services in Adelaide. They share three transmission towers on the ridge near the summit of Mount Lofty. Two other transmission sites are located at Grenfell Street and Elizabeth Downs. The two government-funded stations are run by the () and the (SBS). The and both own their Adelaide stations ( and respectively).

Adelaide's is part of the. New channels available in addition to, Seven, Nine, Ten and include, (Channel Ten broadcast in HD),,,,, /KIDS,,, (SBS broadcast in HD),,,, (Channel 7 broadcast in HD),,,,,, (Channel Nine broadcast in HD),,, and. Adelaide also has a station,.

The service is available as cable television in a few areas, and as satellite television to the entire metropolitan area. It is resold by a number of other brands, mostly telephone companies.

As part of a nationwide phase-out of in Australia, Adelaide's analogue television service was shut down on 2 April 2013. Radio [ ] There are twenty radio stations that serve the metropolitan area, as well as four community stations that serve only parts of the metropolitan area. Of the twenty full coverage stations, there are six commercial stations, six community stations, six national stations and two narrowcast stations. A complete list can be found. Commercial stations include: • AM Band:, 1395 • FM Band:,, 104.7, 107.1 and other non-profit stations include: • AM Band: 729,, • FM Band:, 105.5,, 101.5, 93.7 Icons [ ].

Is home to in South Australia. The main sports played professionally in Adelaide are, (soccer),,, and.

Adelaide is the home of two teams: the and, and one soccer team,. A local league, the, is made up of ten teams from around Adelaide. The SANFL has been in operation since 1877 when it began as the South Australian Football Association (SAFL) before changing its name to the SANFL in 1927. The SANFL is the oldest surviving football league of any code played in Australia.

[ ] Adelaide has developed a strong culture of attracting crowds to major sporting events. Until the completion of the 2012–14 renovation and upgrade of the, most large sporting events took place at either (the then home base of the, and the then home game venue), or the historic, home of the and the cricket teams. Since completion of the upgrade, home games for Adelaide Crows & Port Adelaide now take place at Adelaide Oval.

Since 1884, has also hosted an international cricket test every summer, along with a number of cricket matches., adjacent to the Adelaide Oval, used to host Davis Cup and other major tennis events, including the and (until 2009) the Adelaide International (now known as the ). Adelaide's professional association football team,, play in the A-League. Founded in 2003, their home ground is, which has a capacity of 17,000 and is one of the few in Australia. For two years, 1997 and 1998, Adelaide was represented in Australia's top level, after the had played a single game per season at the Adelaide Oval for five years starting in 1991. The were formed and played in the breakaway (SL) competition in before moving to the new in. Initially playing at the Adelaide Oval, the club moved to the more suitable Hindmarsh Stadium late in the 1998 season.

As part of a peace deal with the to end the, the club's owners (who were also owners of the SL) suddenly closed the club only weeks before the start of the. Adelaide has two professional basketball teams, the men's team being the who play in the (NBL) and the women's team, the who play in the (WNBL). Both teams play their home games at the. Adelaide has a professional team, the, who play in the national netball competition, the championship, with home games played. The Thunderbirds occasionally play games or finals at the Titanium Security Arena, while international netball matches are usually played at the 10,500 seat Adelaide Entertainment Centre. The Titanium Security Arena has a capacity of 8,000 in is the largest purpose built basketball stadium in Australia. The is the first event of the calendar.

Since 1999 Adelaide and its surrounding areas has hosted the, organised and directed by Adelaide-based. Turtur won an for Australia in the at the. The Tour Down Under is the largest cycling event outside Europe and was the first event outside Europe to be granted status.

Adelaide maintains a franchise in the, the. They have been playing since 2009, and their home stadium (until 2016) was. From 2016 the team moved to the located near the due to renovations at Norwood. Their name stems from the local, and from the abundance of local.

Adelaide also has an Ice Hockey team, in the (AIHL). They were national champions in 2009 and play their games at the. The for World Championship racing was hosted by Adelaide from 1985 to 1995 on the which was laid out in the city's East End as well as the eastern parklands including the. The Grand Prix became a source of pride and losing the event to Melbourne in a surprise announcement in mid-1993 left a void that has since been filled with the highly successful for racing, held on a modified version of the same street circuit. The Classic Adelaide, a of classic sporting vehicles, is also held in the city and its surrounds.

Adelaide formerly had three horse racing venues. Victoria Park,, both of which have now closed, and which remains as the home of the. It also has for which opened in 1969 and by 1973 had become Adelaide's premier harness racing venue taking over from the, as well as for which opened in 1972.

The race attracts teams from around the world, most of which are fielded by universities or corporations, although some are fielded by high schools. The race has a 20-year history spanning nine races, with the inaugural event taking place in 1987. Adelaide hosted the 2012 World Bowls Championships at Lockleys Bowling Club, becoming the third city in the world to have held the championships twice, having previously hosted the event in 1996. Is also popular in Adelaide with three operating speedways., located adjacent to the road racing circuit at (24 km (15 mi) north of the city centre) has been in continuous operation since 1979 after the closure of the popular. Located in the semi-industrial suburb of, has been in operation since 1998 and caters to and, while the located in is also a motorcycle speedway dedicated to Under-16 riders and has been in operation since 1978. Infrastructure [ ] Health [ ]. Of the Health & Medical Sciences Building Adelaide's two largest tertiary hospitals are the (RAH), a of the University of Adelaide (705 beds), and the (580 beds) in Bedford Park, a teaching hospital of Flinders University.

Other major public hospitals in the Adelaide area are the (305 beds), on King William Road in North Adelaide; the (340 beds) in Woodville and the (198 beds) in Elizabeth. These hospitals are all teaching hospitals. Additional RAH campuses which specialise in specific patient services are in the suburbs of Adelaide – the Hampstead Rehabilitation Centre in, and the Campus Mental Health Service. Adelaide also hosts numerous private hospitals in the city centre and suburbs. In June 2007 the State Government announced a series of overhauls to the health sector that would see a new hospital constructed on railyards at the west end of the city, to replace the Royal Adelaide Hospital at the east end of the city. The new 800-bed hospital has a cost of A$1.85 billion and was planned to be named the 'Marjorie Jackson-Nelson Hospital' after the.

However, in 2009, at the former governor's request, the state government chose to drop this name and instead transfer the Royal Adelaide Hospital name to the proposed facility. Construction started in June 2011 and is expected to be completed in 2016. In addition, major upgrades were announced to see the Flinders Medical Centre become the primary centre for health care for the southern suburbs, and the in Elizabeth become the centre for the northern suburbs.

The trio of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, the and the Noarlunga Hospital were to become specialist elective surgery centres. The Repatriation General Hospital was also to expand its range of speciality areas beyond veterans' health to incorporate stroke, orthopaedic rehabilitation and aged care. With the 'Global Financial Crisis' of 2008, it remains to be seen if and how these initiatives will proceed. The largest not-for-profit provider of community health care within Adelaide is the which provides out of hospital care and hospital avoidance care, which in turn eases pressure on the South Australia public hospital system. Transport [ ]. A map of Adelaide's railway and tram network, served by the. Being centrally located on the Australian mainland, Adelaide forms a strategic transport hub for east-west and north-south routes.

The city itself has a metropolitan-wide public transport system, which is managed by and known as the. The Adelaide Metro consists of a contracted bus system including the, (with diesel and electric lines), and the Adelaide-, which was extended as a metropolitan tram in 2010 through the city centre to the inner north-west suburb of. There are further plans to extend the tram to and. A tram loop too, is being considered and the latest master plan has also revealed a tram extension to the airport in the near future. Road transport in Adelaide has historically been comparatively easier than many of the other Australian cities, with a well-defined city layout and wide multiple-lane roads from the beginning of its development. Historically, Adelaide was known as a 'twenty-minute city', with commuters having been able to travel from metropolitan outskirts to the city proper in roughly twenty minutes. However, these roads are now often considered inadequate to cope with Adelaide's growing road traffic, and often experience traffic congestion.

The Adelaide metropolitan area has one freeway and three expressways. In order of construction, they are: • The (M1), connects the south-east corner of the Adelaide Plain to the Adelaide Hills and beyond to and, where it then continues as National Highway 1 south-east to Melbourne. • The (M2), connecting the outer southern suburbs with the inner southern suburbs and the city centre. It duplicates the route of. • The (M2), is an ongoing major project that will become the major north-south corridor, replacing most of what is now, connecting the Southern Expressway and the. Currently, the motorway runs as an elevated freeway from its junction with the Port River Expressway to Regency Road, in Adelaide's inner north-west.

Continuation of the motorway is currently under construction at both ends of the motorway, at Darlington and in the 'Torrens to Torrens' project. • The (A9), connects Port Adelaide and to Port Wakefield Road at the northern 'entrance' to the metropolitan area.

• The (Max Fatchen Expressway) (M20), is the northern suburbs bypass route connecting the Sturt Highway (National Highway 20) via the to Port Wakefield Road at a point a few kilometres north of the Port River Expressway connection. • The (proposed route M20) is due to start construction in 2016 to connect the North-South Motorway with the Northern Expressway. The road will not be subject to direct tolls, but South Australia will become a testing ground for a 'network fee' which involves charging trucks based on road use and impact in place of high registration fees.

Airports [ ]. Aerial view of in early 2007 Adelaide's energy requirements were originally met by the, which was nationalised by the government in 1946, becoming the (ETSA), now known as SA Power Networks. Despite significant public opposition and the Labor party's anti-privatisation stance which left the Liberal party one vote short of the numbers needed to pass the legislation, ETSA was privatised by the Government in 1999 by way of a 200-year lease for the distribution network and the outright purchase of ETSA Power by the for $3.5 billion (11 times ETSA's annual earnings) after Labor MP resigned from the party and voted with the government. The electricity retail market was opened to competition in 2003 and although competition was expected to result in lower retail costs, prices increased by 23.7% in the market's first year. In 2004 the privatisation was deemed to be a failure with consumers paying 60% more for their power and with the state government estimated to lose $3 billion in power generation net income in the first ten years of privatisation. In 2012, the industry came under scrutiny for allegedly reducing supply by shutting down generators during periods of peak demand to force prices up. Increased media attention also revealed that in 2009 the state government had approved a 46% increase in retail prices to cover expected increases in the costs of generation while generation costs had in fact fallen 35% by 2012.

[ ] These price increases and large subsidies have led to South Australia paying the highest retail price for electricity in the world. SA Power Networks now distributes electricity from transmission companies to end users. Privatisation led to competition from a variety of companies who now separately provide for the generation, transmission, distribution and retail sales of gas and electricity.

Some of the major companies are:, which generates electricity;, which transmits electricity from the generators to the distribution network, and, which retails gas and electricity. Substantial investment has been made in maintenance and reinforcement of the electricity supply network to provide continued reliability of supply. Adelaide derives most of its electricity from the gas-fired plant operated by and the, along with wind power and connections to the national grid. Gas is supplied from the Gas Processing Plant in the via the and the from Victoria. South Australia generates 18% of its electricity from, and has 51% of the installed capacity of wind generators in Australia.

Adelaide's water supply is gained from its reservoirs:,,,,, and. The yield from these reservoir catchments can be as little as 10% of the city's requirements in drought years and about 60% in average years. The remaining demand is met by the pumping of water from the. A capable of supplying half of Adelaide's water requirements (100GL per annum) was commissioned in 2013. The provision of water services is by the government-owned. See also [ ]. 29 July 2017.

Retrieved 29 July 2017. Australian Bureau of Statistics.

Retrieved 28 February 2015. Geoscience Australia. Geoscience Australia. Geoscience Australia. Geoscience Australia.

Geoscience Australia. • Macquarie ABC Dictionary. The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. • Troy, Patrick (2000). A History of European Housing in Australia. Cambridge University Press.

Retrieved 26 January 2017. • 10 August 2013 at the., SA Memory. Retrieved on 23 December 2010.

• Salt, Bernard (27 March 2011)... Retrieved 16 April 2011. [.] the Adelaideans could withdraw to vantage points within the city centre [.] •.

Retrieved 7 March 2016. It could be argued that Adelaideans are easily influenced by all things wheels [.] •.

The Economist. Archived from on 24 July 2012. The Economist. The Economist. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 22 January 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.

25 March 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012. 4 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013. • 15 May 2013 at the.

• Amery, Rob (2000). Warrabarna Kaurna! – Reclaiming an Australian Language. The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger..

Archived from on 13 July 2012. • Johnson and Langmead,, Wakefield Press, 1986. • Wakefield cites: • Edward Curr, An Account of the Colony of Van Diemen's Land, principally designed for the use of emigrants, George Cowie & Co., London, 1824; • Henry Widdowson, Present State of Van Diemen's Land; comprising an account of its agricultural capabilities, with observations on the present state of farming, &c. Pursued in that colony: and other important matters connected with Emigration, S. Cross, London, and J.