'Bill Cody' redirects here. For other uses, see. Buffalo Bill Born William Frederick Cody ( 1846-02-26)February 26, 1846,, U.S. Died January 10, 1917 ( 1917-01-10) (aged 70),, U.S. Cause of death Kidney failure Resting place, Other names Buffalo Bill Cody Occupation Army scout, Pony Express rider,, wagon train driver, bison hunter, fur trapper, gold prospector, showman Known for Buffalo Bill's Wild West shows which provided entertainment and education about bronco riding, handling bovine and equine livestock, roping, and other herdsmen skills seen in present-day rodeos Spouse(s) ( m. 1866–1917) Children.

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• Isaac Cody • Mary Ann Bosnell Laycock Cody Awards Signature William Frederick ' Buffalo Bill' Cody (February 26, 1846 – January 10, 1917) was an American scout, hunter, and. He was born in, (now the U.S. State of ), but he lived for several years in his father's hometown in, Canada, before the family returned to the and settled in the.

Buffalo Bill started working at the age of eleven, after his father's death, and became a rider for the at age 14. During the, he served the Union from 1863 to the end of the war in 1865. Later he served as a civilian scout for the during the, receiving the in 1872. One of the most colorful figures of the, Buffalo Bill's legend began to spread when he was only twenty-three. Shortly thereafter he started performing in that displayed themes and episodes from the frontier and Indian Wars.

He founded Buffalo Bill's Wild West in 1883, taking his large company on tours in the United States and, beginning in 1887, in Great Britain and continental Europe. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Early life and education [ ] Cody was born on February 26, 1846, on a farm just outside.

His father, Isaac Cody, was born on September 5, 1811, in,, now part of,, directly west of. Mary Ann Bonsell Laycock, Bill's mother, was born about 1817 in New Jersey, near. She moved to Cincinnati to teach school, and there she met and married Isaac. She was a descendant of Josiah Bunting, a Quaker who had settled in Pennsylvania.

There is no evidence to indicate Buffalo Bill was raised as a Quaker. In 1847 the couple moved to Ontario, having their son baptized in 1847, as William Cody, at the Dixie Union Chapel in Peel County (present-day Peel Region, of which Mississauga is part), not far from the farm of his father's family. The chapel was built with Cody money, and the land was donated by Philip Cody of Toronto Township. They lived in Ontario for several years. In 1853, Isaac Cody sold his land in rural, for $2000, and the family moved to,. In the years before the Civil War, Kansas was overtaken by political and physical conflict over the slavery question.

Isaac Cody was against slavery. He was invited to speak at Rively's store, a local trading post where pro-slavery men often held meetings. His speech so angered the crowd that they threatened to kill him if he didn't step down. A man jumped up and stabbed him twice with a. Rively, the store's owner, rushed Cody to get treatment, but he never fully recovered from his injuries. In Kansas, the family was frequently persecuted by pro-slavery supporters. Cody's father spent time away from home for his safety.

His enemies learned of a planned visit to his family and plotted to kill him on the way. Bill, despite his youth and being ill at the time, rode 30 miles (48 km) to warn his father. Isaac Cody went to,, to organize a group of thirty families to bring back to Kansas, in order to add to the antislavery population. During his return trip he caught a respiratory infection which, compounded by the lingering effects of his stabbing and complications from kidney disease, led to his death in April 1857. Buffalo Bill, ca.1875 After his death, the family suffered financially. At age 11, Bill took a job with a freight carrier as a 'boy extra'.

On horseback he would ride up and down the length of a wagon train and deliver messages between the drivers and workmen. Next he joined as an unofficial member of the scouts assigned to guide the United States Army to, to put down a rumored rebellion by the population of. According to Cody's account in Buffalo Bill's Own Story, the was where he began his career as an 'Indian fighter': Presently the moon rose, dead ahead of me; and painted boldly across its face was the figure of an Indian. He wore this war-bonnet of the, at his shoulder was a rifle pointed at someone in the river-bottom 30 feet [9 meters] below; in another second he would drop one of my friends. I raised my old muzzle-loader and fired.

The figure collapsed, tumbled down the bank and landed with a splash in the water. 'What is it?' Called McCarthy, as he hurried back. 'It's over there in the water.' 'Little Billy's killed an Indian all by himself!' So began my career as an Indian fighter.

At the age of 14, in 1860, Cody was struck by gold fever, with news of gold at, and the in California, but on his way to the gold fields, he met an agent for the. He signed with them, and after building several stations and corrals, Cody was given a job as a rider. He worked at this until he was called home to his sick mother's bedside.

Cody claimed to have had many jobs, including,, ' in, rider in 1860, wagonmaster, driver, and a, but historians have had difficulty documenting them. He may have fabricated some for publicity. Namely, it is argued that in contrast to Cody's claims, he never rode for the Pony Express, but as a boy, he did work for its parent company, the transport firm of Russell, Majors, and Waddell. In contrast to the adventurous rides, hundreds of miles long, that he recounted in the press, his real job was to carry messages on horseback from the firm’s office in Leavenworth to the telegraph station three miles away.

Military service [ ] Private William Frederick Cody Chief of Scouts. Cody as Medal of Honor recipient Born February 26, 1846, U.S. Died January 10, 1917 (aged 70), U.S. Allegiance United States of America Service/branch Years of service 1863–1865, 1868–1872 Rank Private (Chief of Scouts) Unit, (Company H) Battles/wars, (16 battles total) Awards Spouse(s) Louisa Frederici (1843–1921) (m.

1866–1917) Other work rider, hunter, showman After his mother recovered, Cody wanted to enlist as a soldier in the Union Army during the, but was refused because of his young age. He began working with a freight that delivered supplies to, in present-day Wyoming. In 1863, at age 17, he enlisted as a with the rank of in Company H,, and served until discharged in 1865. The next year, Cody married Louisa Frederici. They had four children. Two died young, while the family was living in Rochester, New York. They and a third child are buried in, in Rochester.

Cody went back to work for the Army in 1868 and was Chief of Scouts for the during the. Part of the time, he scouted for Indians and fought in 16 battles; at other times, he hunted and killed to supply the Army and the. In January 1872, Cody was a scout for the highly publicized hunting expedition of the. Cody was awarded the Medal of Honor in 1872 for gallantry as an Army scout in the Indian Wars. It was revoked in 1913, along with medals of many other recipients, when Congress decided to create a hierarchy of military awards to replace the patchwork which had evolved over time. The result was that the Medal of Honor became the highest military decoration, with its award restricted to 'officers or enlisted' personnel who demonstrated bravery 'above and beyond the call of duty.'

The law also allowed the government to retroactively change the honor rolls, resulting in civilian scouts who met neither criterion having their awards rescinded. Cody was one of five scouts affected, whose medals were stripped shortly after Cody died in 1917. Cody's relatives objected, and over a number of years they wrote repeatedly to Congress seeking reconsideration. All efforts failed, including a 1988 letter to the US Senate from Cody's grandson. A year later the office of of Wyoming took up the cause. Its brief, which argued for the retroactive elevation of these civilian scouts' status to meet the Medal's standards, [ ] persuaded the Army Board for Correction of Military Records to restore their medals.

To this day, they are the only honorees who were civilians at the time of their award to regain the Medal of Honor. Nickname [ ]. 'Buffalo Bill,' nicknamed after his contract to supply workers with meat Cody received the nickname 'Buffalo Bill' after the American Civil War, when he had a contract to supply workers with (American bison) meat. Cody is purported to have killed 4,282 buffalo in eighteen months in 1867 and 1868. Cody and another hunter, Bill Comstock, competed in an eight-hour buffalo-shooting match over the exclusive right to use the name, which Cody won by killing 68 animals to Comstock's 48. Comstock, part and a noted hunter, scout, and interpreter, used a fast-shooting, while Cody competed with a larger-caliber, which he called, after the notorious beautiful, ruthless Italian noblewoman, the subject of a popular contemporary opera.

Cody explained that while his formidable opponent, Comstock, chased after his buffalo, engaging from the rear of the herd and leaving a trail of killed buffalo 'scattered over a distance of three miles', Cody—likening his strategy to a player 'nursing' his billiard balls during 'a big run'—first rode his horse to the front of the herd to target the leaders, forcing the followers to one side, eventually causing them to circle and create an easy target, and dropping them close together. The legend is born [ ] In 1869, the twenty-three year-old Cody met, who later published a story based on Cody's adventures (largely invented by the writer) in Street and Smith's and then published a highly successful novel, Buffalo Bill, King of the Bordermen, which was first serialized on the front page of the, beginning that December 15. Many other sequels followed by Buntline, and others from the 1870s through the early part of the twentieth century. Cody later became world-famous for Buffalo Bill's Wild West, a which traveled around the United States, Great Britain and Europe.

Audiences were enthusiastic about seeing a piece of the., a noted Italian writer of adventure stories, met Buffalo Bill when he came to Italy and saw his show; Salgari later featured Cody as a hero in some of his novels. Buffalo Bill's Wild West [ ]. Buffalo Bill's Wild West, 1890 In December 1872, Cody traveled to Chicago to make his stage debut with his friend in The Scouts of the Prairie, one of the original produced. The effort was panned by critics - one critic compared Cody's acting to a 'diffident schoolboy' - but the handsome performer was a hit with the sold-out crowds. In 1873, Cody invited to join the group in a new play called Scouts of the Plains. Hickok did not enjoy acting often hiding behind scenery and in one show shot the spotlight when it focused on him, he was released from the group after a few months.

Cody founded the Buffalo Bill Combination in 1874, in which he performed for part of the year, while scouting on the prairies the rest of the year. The troupe toured for ten years. Cody's part typically included a reenactment of an 1876 incident at, where he claimed to have a warrior. In 1883, in the area of,, Cody founded Buffalo Bill's Wild West, a circus-like attraction that toured annually.

(Contrary to the popular misconception, the word show was not a part of the title.) With his show, Cody traveled throughout the United States and Europe and made many contacts. He stayed, for instance, in, Kansas, in the presidential suite of the former Windsor Hotel. He was befriended by the mayor and state representative, a frontier scout, rancher, and hunter named. It was at this time Buffalo Bill’s Cowboy Band was organized.

The band was directed by William Sweeney, a cornet player who served as leader of the Cowboy Band from 1883 until 1913. Sweeney handled all of the musical arrangements and wrote a majority of the music performed by the Cowboy Band.

In 1893, Cody changed the title to Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World. The show began with a parade on horseback, with participants from horse-culture groups that included US and other military,,, and performers from all over the world in their best attire.,,, and displayed their distinctive horses and colorful costumes. Visitors would see main events, feats of skill, staged races, and sideshows.

Many historical western figures participated in the show. For example, appeared with a band of 20 of his braves. Cody's headline performers were well known in their own right. And her husband,, were sharpshooters, together with the likes of and. Performers re-enacted the riding of the, Indian attacks on wagon trains, and stagecoach robberies. The show was said to end with a re-enactment of, in which Cody portrayed General Custer, but this is more legend than fact. The finale was typically a portrayal of an Indian attack on a settler's cabin.

Cody would ride in with an entourage of cowboys to defend a settler and his family. This finale was featured predominantly as early as 1886 but was not performed after 1907; it was used in 23 of 33 tours. Another celebrity appearing on the show was, as a storyteller as of 1893.

The show influenced many 20th-century portrayals of the West in cinema and literature. And Buffalo Bill,,, 1885 With his profits, Cody purchased a 4,000-acre (16-km²) ranch near, Nebraska, in 1886.

The included an eighteen-room mansion and a large barn for winter storage of the show's livestock. In 1887, Cody took the show to Great Britain in celebration of the year of, who attended a performance. It and then in and, near, where it stayed for five months. In 1889, the show toured Europe, and in 1890 Cody met. On March 8, 1890, a competition took place. Buffalo Bill had met some Italian butteri (a less-well-known sort of Italian equivalent of cowboys) and said his men were more skilled at roping calves and performing other similar actions.

A group of Buffalo Bill's men challenged nine butteri, led by, at neighbourhood in Rome. The butteri easily won the competition.

Augusto Imperiali became a local hero after the event: a street and a monument were dedicated to him in his hometown, (), and he was featured as the hero in a series of comic strips in the 1920s and 1930s. Cody set up an independent exhibition near the, which greatly contributed to his popularity in the United States. It vexed the promoters of the fair, who had rejected his request to participate. On October 29, 1901, outside, a freight train crashed into one unit of the train carrying Buffalo Bill's show from, to. The freight train's engineer had thought that the entire show train had passed, not realizing it was three units, and returned to the tracks; 110 horses were killed in the crash or had to be killed later, including his personal mounts Old Pap and Old Eagle.

No people were killed, but Annie Oakley's injuries were so severe that she was told she would never walk again. She did recover and continued performing later.

The incident put the show out of business for a while, and this disruption may have led to its eventual demise. In 1908, and Buffalo Bill joined forces and created the Two Bills show.

That show was foreclosed on when it was playing in Denver, Colorado. Buffalo Bill’s Wild West tours of Europe [ ]. Playing card signed by Buffalo Bill In 1895, Cody was instrumental in the founding of the town of, the seat of, in northwestern. Today the museum is at the center of the community and commemorates the traditions of Western life.

Cody first passed through the region in the 1870s. He was so impressed by the development possibilities from irrigation, rich soil, grand scenery, hunting, and proximity to that he returned in the mid-1890s to start a town. Streets in the town were named after his associates: Beck, Alger, Rumsey, Bleistein and Salsbury. The town was incorporated in 1901. In November 1902, Cody opened the, named after his daughter.

He envisioned a growing number of tourists coming to Cody on the recently opened Burlington rail line. He expected that they would proceed up Cody Road, along the north fork of the Shoshone River, to visit Yellowstone Park.

To accommodate travelers, Cody completed construction of the Wapiti Inn and in 1905 along Cody Road with the assistance of the artist and rancher. Cody established the, located on the south fork of the Shoshone River about thirty-five miles from Cody. When he acquired the TE property, he stocked it with cattle sent from Nebraska and South Dakota. The new herd carried the TE brand. The late 1890s were relatively prosperous years for the Wild West show, and he bought more land to add to the ranch. He eventually held around 8,000 acres (32 km²) of private land for grazing operations and ran about 1,000 head of cattle.

He operated a, pack-horse camping trips, and big-game hunting business at and from the TE Ranch. In his spacious ranch house, he entertained notable guests from Europe and America. Cody published his autobiography, The Life and Adventures of Buffalo Bill, in 1879. Another autobiography, The Great West That Was: 'Buffalo Bill's' Life Story, was serialized in Hearst's International Magazine from August 1916 to July 1917. And ghostwritten. It contained a number of errors, in part because it was completed after Cody's death in January 1917.

Irrigation [ ], along with historians such as R.L. Wilson, asserted that at the turn of the 20th century, Cody was the most recognizable celebrity on Earth. While Cody's show brought appreciation for the Western and American Indian cultures, he saw the change dramatically during his life.

Bison herds, which had once numbered in the millions, were threatened with extinction. Railroads crossed the plains, and other types of fences divided the land for farmers and ranchers, and the once-threatening Indian tribes were confined to reservations.

's coal, and natural gas were beginning to be exploited toward the end of his life. The was dammed for and.

In 1897 and 1899 Cody and his associates acquired from the State of Wyoming the right to take water from the Shoshone River to irrigate about 169,000 acres (680 km 2) of land in the. They began developing a canal to carry water diverted from the river, but their plans did not include a water storage reservoir. Cody and his associates were unable to raise sufficient capital to complete their plan.

Early in 1903 they joined with the Wyoming Board of Land Commissioners in urging the federal government to step in and help with irrigation in the valley. The Shoshone Project became one of the first federal water development projects undertaken by the newly formed Reclamation Service, later known as the. After Reclamation took over the project in 1903, investigating engineers recommended constructing a dam on the Shoshone River in the canyon west of Cody. Construction of the Shoshone Dam started in 1905, a year after the Shoshone Project was authorized. When it was completed in 1910, it was the tallest dam in the world. Almost three decades after its construction, the name of the dam and reservoir was changed to by an act of Congress.

Marriage [ ] Cody married in 1866, just a few days after his twentieth birthday. The couple met when Cody had traveled to under his command during the. Cody's Autobiography barely mentioned the courtship to Frederici but declared, 'I now adored her above any other young lady I had ever seen.' Cody suggested in letters and in his autobiography that Frederici had pestered him into marriage, but he was aware that it was 'very smart to be engaged.'

This rhetoric became pushed more and more in his explanations for marriage as the relationship between him and his wife began to decline. Frederici stayed home with their four children in North Platte, while he stayed outside the home, hunting, scouting, and building up his acting career in the show. As Cody began to travel more frequently and to places farther from home, problems over infidelity, real or imagined, began to arise.

These concerns grew so great that in 1893, Frederici showed up at his hotel room in unannounced and was led to 'Mr. Cody's suite.' Cody mentions in his that he was 'embarrassed by the throng of beautiful ladies' who surrounded him both in the cast and in the audiences, and this trend continued as he became involved with more and more actresses who were not afraid to show their attraction to him in front of an audience. Excerpt from a newspaper in Erie, Colorado, reporting Cody's filing for divorce Cody filed for in 1904, after 38 years of marriage.

This decision was made after years of jealous arguments, bad blood between his wife and his sisters, and friction between the children and their father. By 1891, Cody had instructed his brother-in-law to handle Frederici's affairs and property, stating 'I often feel sorry for her. She is a strange woman but I don't mind her—remember she is my wife—and let it go at that. If she gets cranky, just laugh at it, she can't help it.' Cody hoped to keep the divorce quiet, so as to not disrupt his show or his stage persona, but Frederici had other ideas. Filing for divorce was scandalous in the early, when marital unions were seen as binding for life. This furthered Cody's determination to get Frederici to agree to a 'quiet legal separation,' in order to avoid 'war and publicity.'

The court records and depositions that were kept with the court case threatened to ruin Cody's respectability and credibility. His private life had not been open to the public before, and the application for divorce brought unwanted attention to the matter. Not only did townspeople feel the need to take sides in the divorce, but headlines rang out with information about Cody's alleged infidelities or Federici's excesses. Cody's two main allegations against his wife were that she attempted to poison him on multiple occasions (this allegation was later proved false) and that she made living in North Platte 'unbearable and intolerable' for Cody and his guests. The press picked up on the story immediately, creating a battle between Cody and Frederici's teams of lawyers, both of which seemed to be the better authority on Nebraska divorce law. Divorce laws varied from state to state in the early 1900s.

Desertion was the main grounds for divorce, but in some jurisdictions, such as Kansas, divorce could be granted if a spouse was 'intolerable.' The Victorian ideal of marriage did not allow for divorce in any case, but the move westward forced a change in the expectations of husbands and wives and the ability to remain married. In Lewis and Clark County, Montana, 1867 records show that there were more divorces in that year than marriages. Part of the appeal of the frontier was that 'a man cannot keep his wife here.' Buffalo Bill and his wife, Louisa After Cody's announcement that he was suing for divorce, Frederici began to fight back.

She claimed that she had never attempted to poison him and that she wished to remain married. The trial then moved to court in February 1905. One of the witnesses who spoke to a newspaper was Mrs. John Boyer, a housekeeper in the Cody home who was married to a man who worked for the Wild West show. She claimed that Frederici acted inhospitably towards Cody's guests and that, when Cody was not at the ranch, she would 'feed the men too much and talk in a violent manner about Cody and his alleged sweethearts.and that she was seen putting something into his coffee.'

Other witnesses mentioned Cody's comment that in order to handle his wife he had to 'get drunk and stay drunk.' The battle in court continued, with testimony from three witnesses, Mary Hoover, George Hoover and M. E. After the witnesses had testified, Cody changed his mind about the divorce. Cody's change of mind was not due to any improvement in his relationship with Frederici but rather was due to the death of their daughter, Arta Louise, in 1904 from 'organic trouble.' With this weighing heavily on him, Cody sent a telegram to Frederici hoping to put aside 'personal differences' for the funeral. Frederici was furious and refused any temporary reconciliation. Cody decided to continue pursuing the divorce, adding to his complaint that Frederici would not sign mortgages and that she had subjected him to 'extreme cruelty' in blaming him for the death of Arta.

When the trial proceeded a year later, in 1905, both their tempers were still hot. The final ruling was that 'incompatibility was not grounds for divorce,' so that the couple was to stay legally married. The judge and the public sided with Frederici, the judge deciding that her husband's alleged affairs and his sisters' meddling in his marriage had caused his unhappiness, not his wife. Cody returned to Paris to continue with the Wild West show and attempted to maintain a hospitable, but distant, relationship with his wife.

The two reconciled in 1910, after which Frederici often traveled with her husband until his death in 1917. Cody's grave, in Golden, Colorado At the time of his death, Cody's once-great fortune had dwindled to less than $100,000 (approximately $1,869,000 today). He left his burial arrangements to his wife. She said that he had always said he wanted to be buried on Lookout Mountain, which was corroborated by their daughter Irma, Cody's sisters, and family friends. But other family members joined the people of Cody to say he should be buried in the town he founded. On June 3, 1917, Cody was buried on, in, west of Denver, on the edge of the, overlooking the.

His burial site was selected by his sister Mary Decker. In 1948 the Cody chapter of the offered a reward for the return of the body, so the Denver chapter mounted a guard over the grave until a deeper shaft could be blasted into the rock.

On June 9, 1917 his show was sold to Archer Banker of for $105,000 (approximately $1,963,000 today). Philosophy [ ] As a frontier scout, Cody respected Native Americans and supported their. He employed many Native Americans, as he thought his show offered them good pay with a chance to improve their lives. He described them as 'the former foe, present friend, the American' and once said that 'every that I have ever known has resulted from broken promises and broken treaties by the government.' Cody supported the. He said, 'What we want to do is give women even more liberty than they have.

Let them do any kind of work they see fit, and if they do it as well as men, give them the same pay.' In his shows, the Indians were usually depicted attacking and and were driven off by cowboys and soldiers.

Many family members traveled with the men, and Cody encouraged the wives and children of his Native American performers to set up camp—as they would in their homelands—as part of the show. He wanted the paying public to see the human side of the 'fierce warriors' and see that they had families like any others and had their own distinct cultures. Cody was known as a who spoke out against hide-hunting and advocated the establishment of a. Cody as Freemason [ ] Cody was active in the concordant bodies of, the fraternal organization, having been initiated in Platte Valley Lodge No. 32, in North Platte, Nebraska, on March 5, 1870. He received his second and third degrees on April 2, 1870, and January 10, 1871, respectively.

He became a in 1889 and received his 32nd degree in the in 1894. Legacy and honors [ ]. Portrait at Horse of Col. Cody, a painting by, 1889 Buffalo Bill has been portrayed in many literary, musical, and theatrical works, movies, and television shows, especially during the 1950s and 1960s, when were most popular. Some examples are listed below. Film [ ] • 1926: is a starring as Buffalo Bill.

• 1936: with portraying Cody. • 1944:, is a film about Cody's life, starring and.

• 1953:, a fictional film about the, with portraying Cody. • 1976:, is a fictional film by Robert Altman that features the Wild West show, with as Cody and as. The film is based on the play 'Indians', by Arthur Kopit. • 1995:, is a film based on legends about, in which Buffalo Bill briefly appears in the play Scouts of the Plains, with as Hickok, as Cody, and as. • 1995: is a film based on legends about Calamity Jane, with as Buffalo Bill, as Calamity Jane, as Annie Oakley, and as Chief.

• 2004: is a film based on the legend of, featuring the Wild West show, with as Buffalo Bill and as Annie Oakley. Literature [ ]. Archived from on July 30, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2013. • Russell, Don. The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill.

• ^ Cody, William F. The Life of Hon. Cody Known as Buffalo Bill, the Famous Hunter, Scout and Guide. A Public Domain Book.

• ^ Carter, Robert A. Buffalo Bill Cody: The Man Behind the Legend. • Buffalo Bill, William Lightfoot Visscher (1917).. Homewood Press. Retrieved 14 May 2017. • June 15, 2007, at the., State Historical Landmarks, San Bernardino County. • ^ Cody, William F.

The Adventures of Buffalo Bill Cody. New York and London: Harper & Brothers. Retrieved June 1, 2013. • Warren, Louis S. Retrieved 11 April 2017. • Retrieved November 11, 2012 • ^ PBS (2001)..

New Perspectives on the West. Retrieved January 23, 2014. • Duncan, Dayton (2000).

Miles from Nowhere: Tales from America's Contemporary Frontier. University of Nebraska Press., 978-0-8032-6627-8. • Crossen, Forest (1968). Western Yesterdays, vol. 6, Thomas Fitzpatrick, Railroadman.

Paddock Publishing. Fitzpatrick, a lifelong friend of Cody's, met him when he was hired to shoot buffalo to feed the work crew building the Kansas Pacific Railroad. • Herring, Hal (2008).. • Russell, Don (1982).. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Retrieved January 23, 2014. • ^ Johnson, Geoffrey.. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 14 May 2017. • Streeby, Shelley (2002). ([Online-Ausg.] ed.).

Berkeley [u.a.]: University of California Press.. Retrieved August 26, 2015. • ^ Wilson, R.L. Buffalo Bill's Wild West: An American Legend. Random House. • Hall, Roger A.

Performing the American Frontier, 1870–1906. Cambridge University Press. • Burns, Walter Noble (November 2, 1911)..

The Blackfoot optimist. (Blackfoot, Idaho).

Retrieved 14 May 2017. • November 27, 2006, at the.

Retrieved June 7, 2008 •. Retrieved September 4, 2010. • • Warren, Louis S. 'Cody's Last Stand: Masculine Anxiety, the Custer Myth, and the Frontier of Domesticity in Buffalo Bill's Wild West'. The Western Historical Quarterly, vol, 34, no.

1 (Spring), pp. • Daily Mail. Retrieved April 25, 2008. • Isabelle S. Sayers (26 June 2012)..

Courier Corporation. • Leonard, Teresa (January 9, 2014)... • Griffen, Four Years in Europe with Buffalo Bill, p.

• Russell, The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill, pp. • Gallop, Buffalo Bill's British Wild West, p. • Jonnes, Eiffel's Tower: And the World's Fair Where Buffalo Bill Beguiled Paris, the Artists Quarreled, and Thomas Edison Became a Count. • Gallop, Buffalo Bill's British Wild West, p.

• Russell, The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill, p. • ^, Sheffield & Rotherham Independent, August 26, 1891, at American Tribes Forum, accessed August 26, 2014. • Griffen, Four Years in Europe with Buffalo Bill, p. • Russell, The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill, p. • Moses, Wild West Shows and the Images of American Indians, 1883–1933, p.

• Kasson, Buffalo Bill's Wild West, p. • Russell, The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill, p.

Archived from on April 19, 2010. Pahaska Tepee, Buffalo Bill's Old Hunting Lodge and Hotel, A History, 1901–1946. Buffalo Bill Historical Center. • ^ Don Russell, The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill, 1979. Montague, Memory Street, 1962. Retrieved March 7, 2011.

• ^ Kasson, Joy (2000). Buffalo Bill's Wild West: Celebrity, Memory, and Popular History. New York: Hill and Wang. Cody to Al Goodman, Aug. 25, 1891, in Foote, ed., Letters from Buffalo Bill, p. • ^ Warren, Louis (2005).

Buffalo Bill's America: William Cody and the Wild West Show. New York: Vintage Books. • Petrik, Paula (1991). Montana's Women's History. Montana the Magazine of Western History. • ^ Haywood, C. Robert (1993)..

Digital Commons at University of Nebraska. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. • ^ May, Elaine Tyler (1980). Great Expectations: Marriage and Divorce in Post-Victorian America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Erie News, vol. February 24, 1905. • Russell, Don (1979). The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill.

Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. • Weber, Francis J. America's Catholic Heritage: Some Bicentennial Reflections, 1776–1976.

Madison: University of Wisconsin. • Mosesl, L.G.

The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

A Few Famous Freemasons: American Founders. Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon A.F. Retrieved November 23, 2011. • ^; (2006)..

Faber & Faber. •, May 17, 1917.

June 10, 1917. • Exhibit,,,. • Goppert, Ennest J.. Masonic World. Archived from on November 14, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012.

• Polanski, Charles (2006).. Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Archived from on September 28, 2007. • Sterner, C.

Douglas (1999–2009).. • October 29, 2013, at the. • Oskate Wicasa, p.121. Reisem (1994)..

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Archived from on 2013-11-03. Retrieved December 22, 2012. • Page, Thomas (December 8, 2015)... Retrieved January 28, 2016. Bibliography [ ] • Cody, William F. The Life of Hon.

Cody Known as Buffalo Bill the Famous Hunter, Scout and Guide: An Autobiography. Hartford, Connecticut: Frank E. A facsimile edition was published in 1983 by Time-Life Books as part of its 31-volume series Classics of the Old West. • Cunningham, Tom F. Your Fathers Ghosts: Buffalo Bill's Wild West in Scotland.

Edinburgh: Black and White Publishing.. • Gallop, Alan (2001). Buffalo Bill's British Wild West. Stroud: Sutton..

• Griffin, Charles Eldridge (2010). Four Years in Europe with Buffalo Bill. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.. • Haywood, Robert. 'Unplighted Troths: Causes for Divorce in a Frontier Town Toward the End of the Nineteenth Century.' Great Plains Quarterly 1, no.

• Jonnes, Jill (2010), Eiffel's Tower: And the World's Fair where Buffalo Bill Beguiled Paris, the Artists Quarreled, and Thomas Edison Became a Count. New York: Penguin.. • Kasson, Joy S. Buffalo Bill's Wild West: Celebrity, Memory, and Popular History.

New York: Hill and Wang.. • May, Elaine Tyler (1980). Great Expectations: Marriage and Divorce in Post-Victorian America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Wild West Shows and the Images of American Indians, 1883–1933. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.. • Petrik, Paula (1991).

'Not A Love Story—Bordeaux vs. Montana, the Magazine of Western History 41, no. Nuovo Cinema Paradiso Torrent Kickass. • Rosa, Joseph G.; May, Robin (1989).

Buffalo Bill and His Wild West: A Pictorial Biography. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.. • Russell, Don (1960). The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.. • Rydell, Robert W.; Kroes, Rob (2005).

Buffalo Bill in Bologna: The Americanization of the World, 1869–1922. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.. • Sell, Henry Blackman; Weybright, Victor (1955). Buffalo Bill and the Wild West. New York: Oxford University Press. • Wetmore, Helen Cody (1899).

Last of the Great Scouts: The Life Story of Col. Cody (Buffalo Bill), as Told by His Sister Helen Cody Wetmore. Duluth, Minnesota: Duluth Press Printing.

L.; Martin, Greg (1998). Buffalo Bill's Wild West: An American Legend. New York: Random House.. Further reading [ ] • Buffalo Bill Days (June 22–24, 2007), a 20-page special section of The Sheridan Press, published in June 2007 by Sheridan Newspapers (144 Grinnell Avenue, P.O. Box 2006, Sheridan, Wyoming, 82801, USA). Includes information about Buffalo Bill and the schedule of the annual three-day event held in Sheridan, Wyoming.) • 'Story of the Wild West and Camp-Fire Chats by Buffalo Bill (Hon. A Full and Complete History of the Renowned Pioneer Quartette, Boone, Crockett, Carson and Buffalo Bill.

Copyright 1888 by HS Smith, published 1889 by Standard Publishing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. • Cody, William F. The Life of Hon.

Cody, Known as Buffalo Bill, the Famous Hunter, Scout and Guide: An Autobiography. Hartford, Connecticut: F. • Kasson, Joy S. Buffalo Bill’s Wild West: Celebrity, Memory and Popular History.

• O’Neill, William (1965). “Divorce in the Progressive Era.” American Quarterly 17, no. 2, part 1 (Summer), 203–217. • Pascoe, Peggy (1990). Relations of Rescue: The Search for Female Moral Authority in the American West, 1874–1939. New York: Oxford University Press. • Prescott, Cynthia Culver (2007).

“Why She Didn’t Marry Him: Love, Power and Marital Choice on the Far Western Frontier”. Western Historical Quarterly 38(1), p. 26. External links [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Has the text of a article about. Retrieved April 30, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2013.

• at • at • at (public domain audiobooks) •. Archived from on July 21, 2011.

Retrieved August 23, 2011. • Illinois State University, Milner Library, Special Collections, Circus and Allied Arts Collection.. Retrieved August 13, 2015. • Heppler, Jason.. Retrieved August 23, 2011.